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 Maintain adequate hydration and control acid–base imbalances if present.

 Maintain proper body temperature. Seizures or tremors can result in elevated temperatures. Conversely, severely depressed or comatose animals may have low body temperatures.

 Dermal – with a dermal route of exposure, bathe the animal with mild dishwashing detergent. Use personal protective equipment (wearing gloves etc.) to prevent self‐exposure.

 Ocular – with an ocular route of exposure, lavage the eye with copious amounts of water or normal saline.

 Inhalation – with an inhalation exposure, provide fresh air or humidified oxygen. Be careful to ensure the safety of human workers, especially with smoke, gas, and phosphide intoxications.

 Provide sufficient rest to the animal as necessary to allow healing to occur.

 Dietary restrictions or additions vary with each toxic incident. Parenteral alimentation may be required in some cases.