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Only a few antibiotics are approved for specific species use in aquaculture, and these vary by country (Health Canada 2010; Tell et al. 2012). A growing number of pharmacokinetic studies evaluate therapeutic antibiotic use in ornamental fish (Nouws et al. 1988; Grondel et al. 1986; Lewbart et al. 1997; Yanong et al. 2011; Grosset et al. 2015).

Figure 5.1 (a) Positioning for a CT‐scan in an anesthetized koi (Cyprinus carpio) presented with an inability to close the mouth. The koi is kept anesthetized via a water‐circulating system over the gills and irrigation of the skin is provided with a syringe just before a very quick image‐acquisition period. Care should be taken to avoid any water leakage with the use of absorbing towels and foam. (b) Example of a CT‐scan of a koi (Cyprinus carpio) patient that presented for an inability to close the mouth: longitudinal section showing the ossicles (arrows), the globes (g), and opercular cavity (*).

Source: Photo courtesy: Companion Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine Service, University of California, Davis.