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Successful surgical stabilization of mandibular symphyseal fractures has been reported in three arowanas (Lloyd and Sham 2014). Two 19‐gauge needles were placed on each side of the mandible and a 4‐metric stainless steel orthopedic wire was passed through the needle holes and tightened up to stabilize the fracture. Successful repair of a luxation of the dentaro‐ectopterygoid joint in a fish has been performed (Dr. Freeland Dunker, Steinhart Aquarium, personal communication). The fish presented with an inability to close its dentary bone. Under general anesthesia, the mandible was closed with external manipulation, and a cerclage wire was placed on the premaxillary and dentary bones to keep the oral cavity closed. After a few weeks, the cerclage was removed and the fish was able to open and close its mouth and to eat spontaneously. Scoliosis correction in koi has been attempted by stabilizing the vertebrate with screws, k‐wire, and polymethylmethacrylate (Govett et al. 2004).

Figure 5.9 Opercular plasty in an anesthetized Asian arowana (Scleropages formosus): (a) the caudal part of the right operculum appears curved laterally and shortened; (b) the operculum is sectioned with scissors after butorphanol and local anesthesia have been administered.

Source: Photo courtesy: Companion Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine Service, University of California, Davis.

Figure 5.10 Fibrous tissue obstructing the oral cavity of a koi (Cyprinus carpio).

Source: Photo courtesy: Companion Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine Service, University of California, Davis.