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NMs can be synthesized by a number of methods that are grouped into two different categories: (i) bottom‐up and (ii) top‐down method. Schematics of typical methods for synthesis of NMs are given in Figure 1.1 as described by Ealias and Saravanakumar (2017).

Figure 1.1 Schematics of typical methods for synthesis of NMs.

1 Bottom‐up method: It is a constructive method wherein the atoms build up clusters that in turn form the NMs. This category includes methods such as sol–gel, spinning, chemical vapor deposition, pyrolysis, and biosynthesis.

2 Top‐down method: On the contrary, the top‐down method is a destructive method where the bulk materials are reduced into nanoscale materials. It includes methods such as mechanical milling, nanolithography, laser ablation, sputtering, and thermal decomposition. The typical method of synthesis for various NMs is given in Table 1.1.