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 Using total inhalational anesthesia regimen in foals (<12 months of age) without premedication carries the highest risk.

 Halothane sensitizes the myocardium to circulating catecholamines. Fewer cardiac arrests occurred when isoflurane was substituted for halothane, although overall mortality did not differ between groups because limb fracture in recovery was prevalent for the isoflurane group.

 Isoflurane and sevoflurane may be associated with unsatisfactory recovery, and sedation is often used following anesthesia to reduce the risk of excitable recovery.

 Use of isoflurane and sevoflurane was linked with increased mortality, but this was because these drugs are more likely to be selected for sick horses.

 Not using any premedication is associated with the highest risk, probably owing to increased circulating catecholamines from stress. It may be prudent to premedicate foals before induction of anesthesia, especially when using halothane.

 Acepromazine lowers the risk of mortality when used alone as a premedicant, because it reduces the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in the presence of halothane.

 No particular injectable induction regimen is associated with greater risk when used with inhalational anesthesia.

 Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is associated with the lowest risk of all, but TIVA is often used for short procedures. TIVA has been associated with reduced stress response.