Читать книгу Manual of Equine Anesthesia and Analgesia - Группа авторов - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Rinsing of the mouth with water prior to induction of anesthesia ...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Bench top point‐of‐care blood analyzer,Figure 2.2 Stall‐side point‐of‐care blood analyzer,

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 The Wigger's diagram depicts the electrical, mechanical and audib...Figure 3.2 Normal mucous membrane color, blanching of mucous membranes with ...Figure 3.3 Normal sinus rhythm.Figure 3.4 Second‐degree atrioventricular blockade.Figure 3.5 Atrial fibrillation.Figure 3.6 Premature ventricular complex.Figure 3.7 Ventricular bigeminy; every other complex is ventricular in origi...Figure 3.8 Ventricular tachycardia.

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Normal equine larynx: arytenoid cartilage (a), vocal fold (b), ep...Figure 4.2 Lung volumes in an adult horse (500 kg). TLC, Total lung capacityFigure 4.3 Pulmonary pressure‐volume curve; illustrating greater pressure di...Figure 4.4 Blood entering the pulmonary capillaries associated with non‐vent...Figure 4.5 The oxy‐hemoglobin dissociation curve illustrates the relationshi...Figure 4.6 PVC mouth gag used to hold mouth open and protect endotracheal tu...Figure 4.7 Oral speculums used in equine patients: Weingart mouth gag (a), G...Figure 4.8 Intubation of a horse in sternal recumbency if there is a risk of...Figure 4.9 Horses with orotracheal (a) and nasotracheal (b) tube in recovery...Figure 4.10 Phenylephrine used to resolve nasal edema prior to recovery.Figure 4.11 Permanent tracheostomy performed to bypass laryngeal obstruction...Figure 4.12 Tracheostomy tubes: Bivona silicon tube (a), Dyson tube (b), a t...Figure 4.13 Local anesthetic is instilled subcutaneously at the proposed sit...Figure 4.14 A cutaneous incision is created on the ventral midline of the ne...Figure 4.15 The trachea can be better exposed by separating the cutaneous an...Figure 4.16 To ease daily insertion of a tracheostomy tube, a crescent‐shape...Figure 4.17 Compressing the faceplate of the tracheostomy tube against the t...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Image of a sample of horse urine. The urine appears cloudy and fo...Figure 5.2 Schematic of the renin angiotensin‐aldosterone‐system

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The effects of arterial partial pressure of O₂ and CO₂, and perfu...Figure 6.2 The effects of intracranial volume changes on intracranial pressu...Figure 6.3 Lumbosacral spinal tap for collection of cerebrospinal fluid in a...Figure 6.4 Ataxic horse leaning against stall wall.

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Division of total body water in the healthy adult horse. ECF, ext...Figure 8.2 Division of charged particles among plasma, interstitium, and int...Figure 8.3 Traditional Starling approach to fluid movement between the vascu...Figure 8.4 Revised Starling approach to fluid movement between the vascular ...

8 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Bair Hugger™. A convective heating device.Figure 11.2 HotDog^®. A resistive polymer heating device.

9 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Diagram of the cell membrane lipid bilayer with the sodium chann...

10 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Diagram of the arachidonic acid pathway.

11 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 A pressure regulator which receives gas from the high‐pressure z...Figure 17.2 Diameter index safety system which is used to ensure connection ...Figure 17.3 Pin index safety system which is used to ensure connection of th...Figure 17.4 Liquid oxygen storage.Figure 17.5 Oxygen concentrator unit.Figure 17.6 Comparison of diameter index safety system connection versus qui...Figure 17.7 Color‐coded hosing for gas in the intermediate‐pressure zone.Figure 17.8 Flowmeter manifold.Figure 17.9 Inhalant anesthetic vaporizers.Figure 17.10 To‐and‐fro anesthesia circuitFigure 17.11 One‐way valves from Tafonius (a) and Anesco (b) large animal an...Figure 17.12 Large animal anesthetic breathing circuit.Figure 17.13 Carbon dioxide absorbent in canister. Fresh unused (left) and e...Figure 17.14 Large animal anesthetic breathing circuit reservoir bag.Figure 17.15 Waste gas scavenge system interface.Figure 17.16 Absorbent canister designed to remove inhalant anesthetic from ...Figure 17.17 Mallard large animal anesthesia machine.Figure 17.18 Drager (a) and Anesco (b) large animal anesthesia machines.Figure 17.19 Tafonius large animal anesthesia workstation.Figure 17.20 The Tafonius large animal anesthesia monitoring system screen....Figure 17.21 Bird ventilator attached to a large animal anesthesia machine (...Figure 17.22 Large animal endotracheal tubes.Figure 17.23 Large animal endotracheal tube connector types: bell type and m...Figure 17.24 Large animal breathing circuit with Bivona insert to facilitate...Figure 17.25 Oxygen demand valve.

12 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Horse positioned in lateral recumbency on a thick pad. Notice th...Figure 18.2 Horse positioned in dorsal recumbency. The horse is supported by...Figure 18.3 Side view of a horse positioned in dorsal recumbency with the fo...Figure 18.6 Horse positioned in dorsal recumbency. With this type of table, ...

13 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Diagram showing the power spectrum for one epoch (e.g. 1 second)...Figure 19.2 Photograph showing a set up for recording the EEG of a horse. Th...Figure 19.3 Subcutaneous needle electrodes used for EEG recording.Figure 19.4 A 3‐electrode configuration often used for EEG recording in the ...Figure 19.5 Non‐invasive Doppler blood pressure measurement.Figure 19.6 Invasive blood pressure measurement using an arterial catheter....Figure 19.7 Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, with waveform....Figure 19.8 Over‐dampened arterial waveform.Figure 19.9 Under‐dampened arterial waveform.Figure 19.10 Normal time vs. partial pressure of carbon dioxide capnogram.Figure 19.11 Cardiogenic oscillations on capnogram waveform.Figure 19.12 Widened α angle due to a resistance to expiration.Figure 19.13 Widened β angle likely due to a leak around the endotracheal tu...Figure 19.14 Elevated baseline indicating inspiration of carbon dioxide.Figure 19.15 Hypoventilation, as indicated by elevated end tidal carbon diox...Figure 19.16 Hyperventilation, as indicated by low end‐tidal carbon dioxide....Figure 19.17 Airway oxygen analyzer indicating percent inspired and expired ...Figure 19.18 (a) Transmission design pulse oximetry probe. (b) Reflectance d...Figure 19.19 Thermistor unit with probe.Figure 19.20 Lateral aspect of the pelvic limb. The trajectory of the perone...

14 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Mare sedated for a laparoscopic ovariectomy. The mare was premed...Figure 20.2 Support stand used to support head of sedated horse.Figure 20.3 Padding around halter to prevent nerve damage.Figure 20.4 Sedated mare with foal at her side.

15 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Use of a fluid pump to deliver a constant rate infusion of lidoc...

16 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Approach to the infraorbital nerve within the infraorbital canal...Figure 22.2 Location of the infraorbital canal between the nasoincisive notc...Figure 22.3 Approach to the maxillary nerve within the pterygopalatine fossa...Figure 22.4 Extraoral approach to the mandibular nerve. Lateral aspect (a) a...Figure 22.5 Approach to the mental nerve at the level of the mental foramen....Figure 22.6 Angled, blind approach to the maxillary nerve in the donkey.Figure 22.7 Perpendicular approach to the maxillary nerve in the donkey.Figure 22.8 Ultrasound‐guided approach to the maxillary nerve in the donkey....Figure 22.9 Ultrasound image of the maxillary nerve and adjacent structures ...Figure 22.10 Anatomy of surgical site for cervical plexus block.Figure 22.11 Infiltration of subcutaneous tissues caudal to the incision sit...Figure 22.12 Surface anatomy and landmarks for cervical plexus block.Figure 22.13 Ultrasound image of injection site for cervical plexus block.Figure 22.14 Insertion of Tuohy using ultrasound guidance for cervical plexu...

17 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Anatomy of the major motor and sensory nerves of the equine peri...Figure 23.2 Sites of equine periocular nerve blocks. 1: auriculopalpebral; 2...Figure 23.3 Approximate areas of desensitization afforded by periocular sens...Figure 23.4 Locating the equine supraorbital foramen using Töth's law.Figure 23.5 Placement of spinal needle for supraorbital fossa block.

18 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Subcircumneural space surrounding the nerve, artery, and vein wi...Figure 24.2 The neurovascular bundle containing the palmar/plantar digital n...Figure 24.3 The neurovascular bundle containing the palmar/plantar digital n...Figure 24.4 Location of needle insertion for the low four‐point nerve block....Figure 24.5 Desensitization of palmar/plantar nerves distal to the ramus com...Figure 24.6 Location of needle insertion for four‐point (high palmar) nerve ...Figure 24.7 Location of needle insertion for the lateral palmar nerve block ...Figure 24.8 Location of needle insertion for blockade of the median nerve an...Figure 24.9 Location of needle insertion for blockade of the ulnar nerve pro...Figure 24.10 Location of needle insertion for the high plantar nerve block....Figure 24.11 Location of needle insertion for the deep branch of the lateral...Figure 24.12 Location of needle insertion for blockade of the tibial nerve....Figure 24.13 Location of needle insertion for blockade of the peroneal nerve...

19 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Dissection of the pelvic cavity showing the pudendal nerve stain...Figure 25.2 Caudal aspect of the pelvic cavity displaying the superficial pe...Figure 25.3 Landmarks for the pudendal nerve block in the horse. The white d...Figure 25.4 Peripheral nerve locator needle positioning in a mare.Figure 25.5 Intratesticular injection of 2% mepivacaine (Carbocaine®).

20 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 First step, localizing the transverse process of L3.Figure 26.2 Left thoracolumbar area of a standing adult Thoroughbred horse f...Figure 26.3 Red stars indicate location of nerve roots of T18, L1, and L2. N...Figure 26.4 Anatomic location of spinal nerve roots T18, L1, L2, and L3 and ...Figure 26.5 Use of caudal border of last rib to determine location of third ...Figure 26.6 Insertion of needle for blind paravertebral block.Figure 26.7 Aspirate prior to injection to ensure that the needle tip is not...Figure 26.8 Transversus abdominus plane block using the flank approach.Figure 26.9 Transversus abdominus plane block using the intercostal ventral ...Figure 26.10 Transversus abdominus plane block using the subcostal approach....Figure 26.11 Caudal intercostal block performed in the standing horse for ab...

21 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Palpation of the sacrococcygeal (S‐Co) and intercoccygeal space ...Figure 27.2 Superficial infiltration of local anesthetic using a 23–25‐gauge...Figure 27.3 (epidural with spinal cord included). A caudal epidural using th...Figure 27.4 (epidural without spinal cord included). A caudal epidural using...Figure 27.5 (epidural catheter). An epidural catheter placed at the first in...

22 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Pain scoring record on stall door of equine patient in hospital....Figure 29.2 The top row displays pictures of horses that are not in pain. Th...Figure 29.3 An example of low‐level intensity “rolling.” This horse later pr...Figure 29.4 An example of the gross pain behavior “mouth playing.”Figure 29.5 This horse is not in a normal resting position as the front limb...Figure 29.6 An attentive horse standing in the front of the box stall – norm...Figure 29.7 A horse, standing in the front of the box stall with no attentio...Figure 29.8 This horse is “tucked up,” there is tension of the abdominal wal...Figure 29.9 This horse is not weight bearing on the left front limb. Notice ...Figure 29.10 This horse had wound surgery on the right hind limb not many ho...Figure 29.11 This horse shows attention toward the painful area. In this cas...Figure 29.12 This horse was lame. The stifle was the reason for the lameness...Figure 29.13 This horse had wound surgery in the hind limb but also very bri...Figure 29.14 Horses in severe pain or long‐term pain, may not show any inter...

23 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Goniometer assessing the range of motion of the left carpus.Figure 30.2 Pressure algometer assessing the mechanical nociceptive threshol...Figure 30.3 Class 4 therapeutic laser.Figure 30.4 Electrical stimulation of the right gluteal.Figure 30.5 Extracorporeal shockwave therapy of the right proximal metacarpa...Figure 30.6 A selection of acupuncture needles.Figure 30.7 Electroacupuncture and dry needle treatment for support limb lam...Figure 30.8 Electroacupuncture for cervical pain.Figure 30.9 Electroacupuncture for thoracolumbar and pelvic area pain.Figure 30.10 Electroacupuncture treatment for sacrococcygeal injury with uri...

24 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Foal anesthetized and breathing spontaneously immediately post i...Figure 31.2 Positioning and padding to support limbs of a foal and protect b...Figure 31.3 Hand recovering a foal. One person supports the head and another...Figure 31.4 Mare and foal in induction area. The foal will be induced with t...Figure 31.5 Repair of a tear in urinary bladder.Figure 31.6 Urine in suction jar after removal from abdomen. It is important...

25 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 Distended and fluid‐filled small intestine with compromised bloo...Figure 32.2 Use of a demand valve to ventilate a horse after induction.Figure 32.3 Horse on pads in recovery. An orotracheal tube is in place.

26 Chapter 33Figure 33.1 22‐year‐old horse with Cushing's disease (pituitary pars interme...

27 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Delivery of live foal, lifting by hindlimbs out of uterus.Figure 34.2 Delivery of live foal; hindlimbs, abdomen, and thorax exiting ut...Figure 34.3 Positioning of mare for attempted vaginal delivery of the fetus....

28 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 Warning signage posted outside of the MRI room.Figure 35.2 Custom cutout of the gantry of a 3.0 Tesla MRI allows for the ho...Figure 35.3 Low‐field MRI used for imaging of standing horses.Figure 35.4 Table used for equine CT under general anesthesia.Figure 35.5 Stocks used for CT in the standing horse with open side.Figure 35.6 Sandbags used to limit motion of head and neck during image acqu...Figure 35.7 Platform for horse to stand on during standing CT image acquisit...Figure 35.8 Horse's head in CT gantry.

29 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 Pharyngeal/laryngeal anatomy of the donkey;(a) arytenoid cartila...Figure 36.2 Jugular vein traveling deep to the cutaneous colli muscle.

30 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 Use of a Dan‐inject rifle to dart a wild horse.Figure 37.2 Delivery of supplemental inspired oxygen in the field. An E‐cyli...Figure 37.3 Wild horse restrained in a chute system to facilitate intramuscu...

31 Chapter 38Figure 38.1 Multiparameter anesthetic monitor indicating pulse pressure vari...Figure 38.2 Horse with radial nerve injury following recovery from anesthesi...Figure 38.3 Horse with femoral nerve injury following recovery from anesthes...Figure 38.4 Horse with facial nerve injury following recovery from anesthesi...Figure 38.5 Priapism in standing horse following recovery from general anest...Figure 38.6 Swelling of the distal portion of the penis secondary to constri...Figure 38.7 Fibrosis of the penis subsequent to trauma and infection followi...Figure 38.8 Caudal curvature of the penis as a consequence of fibrosis.Figure 38.9 Bandaging of the penis to the abdomen to reduce edema formation....Figure 38.10 Probang ready for insertion into prepuce.Figure 38.11 Probang in position to retain the penis in the preputial cavity...Figure 38.12 Image of retainer bottle to be used as a probang.Figure 38.13 Image of retainer bottle in position in prepuce.Figure 38.14 Urticarial lesion on a horse. The horse was sedated with xylazi...

32 Chapter 39Figure 39.1 Horse lying in lateral recumbency in recovery from anesthesia on...Figure 39.2 Air mattress. (a) Waking up a horse on a rapidly inflatable and ...Figure 39.3 Horse in the recovery stall with padded bandages on limbs.Figure 39.4 Head and tail rope in recovery. Use of a foam rubber mattress an...Figure 39.5 Padded halter used to protect the face from the pressure of the ...Figure 39.6 Fan used to keep air mattress inflated.Figure 39.7 Large animal vertical lift. (a) Assisted recovery with the aid o...Figure 39.8 Sling‐shell system and with horse recovering in it.Figure 39.9 Liftex large animal sling.Figure 39.10 (a) Animal Rescue and Transportation Net (ARTN).(b) ARTN in...Figure 39.11 (a) Sling with hardware and (b) sling with no hardware on breas...Figure 39.12 Hydro pool horse submerged in hydro‐pool.Figure 39.13 Pool raft. Horse being lifted into the pool raft, and horse flo...Figure 39.14 Tilt table (a) Horse placed on a tilt recovery table (200Econ S...

33 Chapter 40Figure 40.1 (a) ECG and blood pressure waveform of an anesthetized horse pri...Figure 40.2 Landmarks for entry of a bullet into the brain for euthanasia. T...Figure 40.3 Image of a captive bolt gun. The muzzle of the gun must be place...