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3.3.1.3 Contingency Analysis

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Contingency analysis plays a crucial role for understanding the impacts of sudden line outages due to failures of equipment, transformers, transmission lines, etc. This is mainly reflected in the system due to overburdened parts of the network caused by an irrational power flow in the lines. Its analysis is essential to take the necessary action for maintaining the security and reliable functioning of the system. The offline as well as online execution to envisage the effect of a distinct possibility of getting contingency in the system lines is a monotonous task due to the huge sizes and complication of the network. It has been found that only selected contingencies may result in severe situations in the power system and these can be tackled through precise contingency analysis. The procedure implemented for investigating and evaluating these conditions of overcrowding of power lines is referred to as contingency analysis, which can be done by calculating performance indices for each contingency criterion [15]. The analysis of such situations provides the eminent output of digital computing technologies of managing the various performance criteria, such as Energy Management Systems, SCADA systems, etc. The focus of these systems is primarily to give the network operator information regarding statistics improvement, grid security status, reliability, contingency, etc. Technically this is achieved by conducting a power flow analysis as there is the possibility of single or many contingency scenarios in the network, including lines, transformers, and generators. A mathematical execution of a contingency analysis is a critical function because of its prodigious extent of an information-gathering process in the execution of a problem [16]. It is considered as the most significant process in distribution system planning and operation. It has mainly been found that a line outage may lead to overburdened branches, sudden system voltage variations resulting in huge losses to the system in terms of economy, efficiency, and execution of all-important performance parameters, so the contingency analysis is often used to calculate violations in the predefined norms of the distribution system [17].

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