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There are few papers related to Archaea as BS producers, compared to bacteria. Those who have been studied are alkaliphiles from the marine environment [20]. In contrast, bacteria produce mainly glycolipids, such as rhamnolipids, trehalolipids, and glucolipids; biosynthesis is restricted to actinobacteria, proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, and firmicutes (87%), other phyla represent between 1.0 and 2.5% of glycolipid‐producing bacteria [21]. On the other hand, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), produce BS showing important roles in LAB colonization due to antimicrobial activities against fungi and bacteria. LAB BS are constituted by polysaccharides, glycolipids, glycolipopeptides, and proteins [22, 23]. Figure 2.5 depicts the distribution of prokaryote‐producing BS. A broad review of scientific literature proved that prokaryotes are the predominant group of microorganisms related to BS production (Table 2.2), particularly bacteria.

Figure 2.5 Phyla of prokaryote producers of biosurfactants.

Source: Sharma et al. [22] and Satpute et al. [23].

Table 2.2 Archaea and bacteria as biosurfactant producers.

Biosurfactant	Microorganism	Carbon source
Rhamnolipids	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Oil residues, corn oil, waste frying oil [24–26]
Pseudomonas fluorescens	Hexadecane, olive oil [26]
Pseudomonas luteola	Molasses [26]
Pseudomonas chlororaphis	Glucose [26]
Pseudomonas putida	Molasses, glucose [26]
Pseudomonas stutzeri	Palm oil mill effluent [27]
Pseudomonas pachastrellae	Barley pulp [28]
Pseudomonas desmolyticum	Hexadecane [29]
Burkholderia glumae	Canola oil [26]
Burkholderia plantarii	Glucose [26]
Burkholderia pseudomallei	Glycerol [26]
Burkholderia thailandensis	Canola oil, glycerol [26]
Bacillus pumilus	Crude oil and naphthalene [30]
Nocardioides sp	n‐paraffin [31]
Serratia rubidaea SNAU02	Mahua oil cake [32]
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus	Glycerol [26]
Acinetobacter junii	Soybean oil [33]
Enterobacter asburiae	Sodium citrate [34]
Enterobacter hormaechei	Glycerol [26]
Achromobacter sp.	Lignocellulosic residues [35]
Pantoea stewartii	Glycerol [26]
Pseudoxanthomonas sp.	Mannitol [26]
Renibacterium salmonarium	n‐hexadecane [36]
Streptomyces sp.	Glucose [37]
Streptomyces coelicoflavus	Olive oil [38]
Tetragenococcus koreensis	GYP [39]
Thermus aquaticus	Sunflower oil [26]
Trehalolipids	Rhodococcus erythropolis	n‐hexadecane [40]
Rhodococcus sp. PML026	Sunflower oil [41]
Rhodococcus fascians	n‐alkanes [42]
Rhodococcus opacus	n‐alkanes [42]
Rhodococcus wratislaviensis	n‐hexadecane [42]
Rhodococcus ruber	n‐hexadecane [43]
Corynebacterium matruchotii	[42]
Arthrobacter parafineus	n‐paraffin [42]
Arthrobacter sp.	Crude oil degrading [42]
Micrococcus luteus	n‐hexadecane [44]
Tsukamurella spumae	Sunflower oil [45]
Tsukamurella pseudospumae	Sunflower oil [45]
Rhodococcus qingshengii	n‐hexadecane [46]
Other glycolipids	Deinococcus caeni PO5	Jackfruit seed poder [47]
Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum MSA2	Oil seed cake, wheat bran, treated molasses [47]
Halomonas sp.	Glucose [48]
Pseudomonas otitidis	Sodium acetate [49]
Phospholipids	Corynebacterium lepus	[50]
Lipopeptides	Bacillus licheniformes	Glucose [51]
Bacillus subtilis	Motor oil [52]
Bacillus thuringiensis	Glycerol [53]
Klebsiella sp.	Crude oil [39]
Aeromonas salmonicida	Gasoline [54]
Polymixin	Paenibacillus polymixa	Glucose [55]
Surfactin	Bacillus subtilis	Glucose, glycerol [55, 56]
Fengycin	Bacillus subtilis	Glucose [57]
Pontifactin	Pontibacter korlensis	Glucose [58]
Serrawetin	S. surfactantfaciens	[59]
N.A.	Lactococcus lactis	Cheese whey [60]
Streptococcus termophilus	Sucrose and lactose [60]
Lactobacillus acidophilus	[61]
Protein, polysaccharides	Lactobacillus pentosus	Cheese whey [62]