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Violaxanthin is an orange‐colored, natural xanthophyll pigment occurring in a variety of algae and land plants. Violaxanthin pigments are biosynthesized from its precursor zeaxanthin by undergoing epoxidation carried out by de‐epoxidase enzyme. It is approved as a food additive coloring agent and only in countries like Australia and New Zealand (INS number 161e). Violaxanthin extract from microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica has shown to reduce skin photoaging, induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in HDF [150].

Figure 4.5 Important secondary metabolites and mycosporine‐like amino acids from algae used in cosmetic applications.