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4.4.5.6 Astaxanthin

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Astaxanthin belongs to a xanthophyll and is another recognized pigment used in the aquaculture industry for providing red and pink color to aquatic fish and shrimps [106]. Haematococcus pluvialis is a well‐known species that produces astaxanthin up to 3–7% of dry cell mass. In human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), astaxanthin are proven to be potent against UVA‐induced oxidative impairment [146]. Astaxanthin neutralizes free radicals or other oxidants by involving in redox reaction and slowing down the age‐related skin process. In another study, a 6‐mg per day oral dose and 2 ml per day topical application of astaxanthin‐derived Haematococcus pluvialis showed improvements in skin wrinkle, age spot size, elasticity, skin texture, and increase in the moisture content of corneocyte layer suggesting its effective role in antiaging and skin protection [147].

Bioprospecting of Microorganism-Based Industrial Molecules

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