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Algae are very well known to produce a wide array of polysaccharides. These polysaccharides play a crucial role in imparting the structure of cell walls and act as energy storage units during unfavorable stressful conditions. Some of the major types of biologically active polysaccharides in algal tissues are fucoidan, lamnarian, alginates, agar, carrageenan, galactan, porphyran, glucan, and ulvan, which demonstrate typical structural and functional characteristics [84]. These polysaccharides are nontoxic, cost‐effective, easily extracted, and abundant in the algal biomass, which can be used as a substitute against synthetically derived gelling agents, or silicone‐derived ingredients. These compounds provide moisturizing and have antioxidant properties; hence they are used as gelling agents and stabilizers in emulsions [85, 86] (Table 4.2).

Table 4.2 Algal biomolecules, sources, origins, and applications in cosmetics.

Source: Wang et al. [85] and Wang et al. [86].

Group of compound	Active compound	Algal species	Cosmetic properties	References
Polysaccharides	Agar	Gelidium sp.Gracilaria sp.	Emulsion stabilizers, gelling agents, thickeners	[87–89]
Alginates	Laminaria sp.Lessonia sp.Macrocystis sp.	Emulsion stabilizers, chelating agents, gelling, moisturizing, photo‐protective	[8490–92]
Fucoidan	Saccharina sculpera Fucus vesiculosus, Turbinariaconoides, Undaria pinnatifida	Antiaging, anti‐wrinkle, antioxidative properties, UV protectant, skin lightening, spot reduction, elastase, tyrosinase inhibitors, skin fibroblast stimulation	[93–97]
Laminarans	Laminaria japonica, Ecklonia kurome, Eiseniabicyclis, Saccharina, Ascophyllum, Fucus, Sargassum, and Undaria	Antioxidant, anti‐cellulite agent	[81, 98, 99]
Porphyran	Porphyra sp.	Antioxidant and antiaging	[78, 88, 93, 100]
Carrageenan	Acanthophora muscoidesChondrus crispus	Gelling agents, protective colloids, thickeners	[101–103]
Ulvan	Ulva armoricana, Ulva lactuca, Ulva rotundata, and Ulva rigida	Antioxidative, chelating, gelling, moisturizing, and protective agents	[88, 104, 105]
Pigments	Astaxanthin	Haematococcus pluvialis	Antiaging	[106]
	β‐carotene	Chlorella, Spirulina, Dunaliella salina	Antiaging, antioxidant, radical scavengers, anti‐photoaging agents, and colorants	[88107–111]
	Chlorophylls(a, b, c, d)	Chlorella, Nannochloropsis	Coloring agents, UV‐protectant, reduce inflammation, Reducing wrinkles, inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)	[88, 92,112–114]
	Fucoxanthin	Fucus, Dictyota, Saragassum, and Laminaria	Anti‐tyrosinase activity in guinea pig UVB irradiated, and melanogenesis in mice UVB irradiated	[88115–117]
	Phycobiliproteins(APC, PE, PC)	Cyanobacteria	Antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, colorants, radical scavenging agents	[88, 97,118–121]
Secondary metabolites	Phlorotannins	Ecklonia cava, Eiseniabicyclis	Tyrosinase and hyaluronidase inhibitors, antioxidants, antiaging, UV‐photoprotectant, chelating agents	[79, 88, 122]
Mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs)	Scytonemin, Asterina‐330, Shinorine, PalythinePorphyra‐334	Scytonema, Lyngbya, Porphyra umbilicalis	Photo‐protectant, sunscreen against UV‐A	[79, 111,122–124]