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Carotenoids are lipophilic compounds, belonging to the class of tetraterpenoids, containing 8 isoprene units with at least 40 carbon atoms [106, 143]. The peculiar feature of carotenoids is to absorb wavelengths in the range of 400–550 nm (violet to green light), resulting in deeply colored yellow, orange, red, or colorless compounds subjected to presence or absence of conjugated double bonds [107]. Carotenoids can be classified into two groups based upon the availability of oxygen. Xanthophyll group shows the presence of oxygen (e.g. astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, loroxanthin, and lutein), while carotenes groups are devoid of oxygen and contain pure hydrocarbons (α, β, γ‐carotene, and lycopene) [106]. Carotenoids are present in the stratum corneum of human skin, which imparts the normal skin color and UV protection [108]. The worldwide carotenoids production is expected to reach $1.53 billion by 2021, primarily dominated by β‐carotene, lycopene, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and lutein owing to their well‐established applications in cosmetics, food, confectionary, and aquaculture (Figure 4.4).