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Phycobiliproteins obtained from algae and cyanobacteria are categorized into three main classes depending on absorption properties: phycoerythrins (PE, λ = 540–570 nm), phycocyanins (PC, λ = 610–620 nm), and allophycocyanins (APC, λ = 650–655 nm) [118]. PEs are of utmost interest owing to their fluorescent and antioxidant properties. These pigments are red and are known to absorb light in the green wavelength (λ = 498 and λ = 565 nm) and emit in the yellow wavelength (λ = 573 nm). In vitro, the antioxidant activity of PE is a well‐studied phenomenon in Caenorhabditis elegans, which resembles the human aging pathways, wherein PE is known to upregulate enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase activities, and reduce oxidative stress damage [142]. The PC and APC are also known to express antioxidant activities and radical‐scavenging properties in several studies [97, 119, 120]. PC is involved in inducing expression of heme‐oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), thereby reducing the UV‐B‐induced cell death in skin cells, demonstrating the photo‐protective role [121].

Figure 4.3 Important carbohydrates from algae used in cosmetic applications.

Source: Aderibigbe et al. [136], Dantas et al. [137] and Huang anf Fu [138].