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The octet rule was developed in early 1900s to account for the chemistry of low atomic number (<20) elements [8–10]. The noble gas atoms, with their outer electron configuration of ns ² np ⁶, have closed electronic shells and hence, a large HOMO–LUMO gap, high ionization potential, and low electron affinity. Thus, they are very stable and chemically inert. A variety of superatomic clusters containing elements with low atomic number can be designed such that constituent atoms satisfy the octet shell closure. We begin with the description of Group 1 alkali and Group 17 halogen atoms.

Table 2.1 Examples of ligated clusters with effective number (n_e) of valence electrons for jellium shell closure.