Читать книгу Light Weight Materials - Группа авторов - Страница 3

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. Additive manufacturing process (Tofail 2018). For a color version of...Figure 1.2. Additive manufacturing procedure. For a color version of this figure...Figure 1.3. Laser beam melting technology (Anderl 2014). For a color version of ...Figure 1.4. Electron beam melting (Mandil, 2016). For a color version of this fi...Figure 1.5. Selective laser melting (Mumtaz 2008). For a color version of this f...Figure 1.6. Direct metal laser sintering process (Marrey 2019). For a color vers...Figure 1.7. Laser metal fusion method (Peyre 2008). For a color version of this ...Figure 1.8. Direct metal deposition process (Mohamed 2017). For a color version ...Figure 1.9. Aerospace components fabricated through AM (Hiemenz 2014)

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Tool-work arrangements in hobbingFigure 2.2. An automobile gearbox in which a plastic gear is used as the gear an...Figure 2.3. Injection molding setup for fabrication of polymer spur gears (Sarda...Figure 2.4. Fabricated composite spur gears: (A) 100% polypropylene (PP) and (B)...Figure 2.5. Types of additive manufacturing of polymer gearsFigure 2.6. Basic process of hot embossing to manufacture polymer gears

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Two ways of controlled polymerization of CPs (Verheyen et al. 2017)Figure 3.2a. Polymers produced by linear step-growth polymerization (Hallenslebe...Figure 3.2b. Polymers produced by nonlinear step-growth polymerization (Hallensl...Figure 3.3. Detailed classification of fiber reinforcement used in polymer compo...Figure 3.4. (a) Effect of percentage addition of Ce on UTS & YTS. (b) Effect of ...Figure 3.5. Process description of FSW (Huang et al. 2018b). For a color version...Figure 3.6. Process route of conventional resistance welding of metal and FRP co...Figure 3.7. Self-piercing rivet (SPR) technique (Kang et al. 2016). For a color ...Figure 3.8. Plastic/polymer composites used in cars (https://blog.americanchemis...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Fabrication approach (3)Figure 4.2. Flow diagram for fabrication of sisal fiber-reinforced unsaturated p...Figure 4.3. Preparation of unsaturated polyester resin (general purpose resin) a...Figure 4.4. Alkali treatment of sisal fiber protocolFigure 4.5. Weight measurement of sodium hydroxide using an analytical precision...Figure 4.6. Mixing sodium hydroxide with distilled water. For a color version of...Figure 4.7. Sisal fibers immersed in sodium hydroxide solution. For a color vers...Figure 4.8. (a) Washing process; (b) after washing the sisal fibers. For a color...Figure 4.9. Local weaving (loom) equipment. For a color version of this figure, ...Figure 4.10. Arranging the fiber using weaving (loom) equipment. For a color ver...Figure 4.11. Fiber orientation: (a) 0°, (b) (0°,90°), (c) ±45°. For a color vers...Figure 4.12. Weight measurement of (a) 0° and (b) (0,90)° fiber orientation. For...Figure 4.13. (a) Pouring resin; (b) pouring hardener. For a color version of thi...Figure 4.14. (a) Wax/gel; (b) mold. For a color version of this figure, see www....Figure 4.15. (a) Hand lay-up using a normal brush; (b) hand lay-up using a rolle...Figure 4.16. Molding under compression. For a color version of this figure, see ...Figure 4.17. Test specimen dimensions: (a) tensile test specimen, (b) compressio...Figure 4.18(a). T1 (47.8 mm × 17.85 mm × 4 mm) – 0° fiber orientation (Tstr = 93...Figure 4.18(b). T2 (57 mm × 21.15 mm × 4 mm) – O0 fiber orientation (Tstr = 111 ...Figure 4.18(c). (a–c). 0 (zero) degree tensile strength test. For a color versio...Figure 4.19(a). T1(55 mm × 20 mm × 4 mm) – (0,90)° fiber orientation (Tstr = 107...Figure 4.19(b). T2 (60 mm × 21.3 × 4 mm) – (0,90)° fiber orientation (Tstr = 87 ...Figure 4.19(c). T3 (60 mm × 20 mm × 4 mm) – (0,90)° fiber orientation (Tstr = 10...Figure 4.20(a). T1 (60 mm × 20.5 mm × 4 mm) ± 45° fiber orientation (Tstr = 39 M...Figure 4.20(b). T2 (60 mm × 20.5 mm × 4 mm) ± 45° fiber orientation (Tstr = 35 M...Figure 4.21(a). C1 (155 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm) 0 (zero) degree fiber orientation (Cs...Figure 4.21(b). C2 (155 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm) 0 (zero) degree fiber orientation (Cs...Figure 4.21(c). C3 (155 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm) 0 (zero) degree fiber orientation (Cs...Figure 4.22(a). C1 (155 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm) (0,90) degree fiber orientation (Cstr...Figure 4.22(b). C2 (155 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm) (0,90) degree fiber orientation (Cstr...Figure 4.22(c). C3 (155 mm × 30 mm × 4 mm) (0,90) degree fiber orientation (Cstr...Figure 4.23.Variation of tensile strength with fiber orientation For a color ver...Figure 4.24. Variation of average tensile strength with fiber orientation. For a...Figure 4.25. Young’s modulus of elasticity with different fiber orientations. Fo...Figure 4.26. Average Young’s modulus with different fiber orientations. For a co...Figure 4.27. Average flexural strength with different fiber orientation. For a c...Figure 4.28. Compressive strength with different fiber orientations. For a color...Figure 4.29. Average compressive stress with different fiber orientations. For a...Figure 4.30. Analytical precision balance machine. For a color version of this f...Figure 4.31. Average weight of dry samples with different fiber orientations. Fo...Figure 4.32. Average weight of dry samples. For a color version of this figure, ...Figure 4.33. Water absorption of different samples. For a color version of this ...Figure 4.34. Drafted model of fender using CATIA software: (a) all dimension in ...Figure 4.35. Prototype of fender. For a color version of this figure, see www.is...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Schematic illustration of preprocessing of polystyrene. For a color ...Figure 5.2. Shredded waste polystyrene with its recycling code 6. For a colorver...Figure 5.3. a) Raw SiO2-MgO and b) 950°C calcined silica-magnesium catalyst. For...Figure 5.4. Experimental setup of the pyrolysis process. (a – SS bench-scale pyr...Figure 5.5. Thermal degradation of polystyrene obtained from TGA analysis at 10°...Figure 5.6. Scanning of raw SiO2-MgO material with 5 μm magnificationsFigure 5.7. Scanning of 950°C calcinated silica-magnesium catalyst with 5 μm mag...Figure 5.8. EDS spectrum of raw SiO2-MgO. For a color version of this figure, se...Figure 5.9. EDS spectrum of 950°C calcinated silica-magnesium catalyst. For a co...Figure 5.10. Comparison plot between experimental and predicted data. For a colo...Figure 5.11. Surface plot interaction between C:F and temperature on yield respo...Figure 5.12. Surface plot interaction between C:F and time on yield response (Y)...Figure 5.13. Surface plot interaction between the temperature and the time on th...Figure 5.14. Contour plot interaction between the C:F ratio and the temperature ...Figure 5.15. Contour plot interaction between the C:F ratio and time on the yiel...Figure 5.16. Contour plot interaction between the temperature and time on the yi...Figure 5.17. FTIR analysis of silica-magnesium cracking of polystyrene. For a co...Figure 5.18. GC-MS analysis of silica-magnesium cracking of polystyrene. For a c...Figure 5.19. Effect of C:F ratio on silica-magnesium cracking of polystyrene. Fo...Figure 5.20. Effect of the temperature on silica-magnesium cracking of polystyre...Figure 5.21. Effect of time on silica-magnesium cracking of polystyrene. For a c...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Representation of Kaplan’s keyhole modelFigure 6.2. Geometry of the model. For a color version of this figure, see www.i...Figure 6.3. Meshing of the model. For a color version of this figure, see www.is...Figure 6.4. Gaussian power distribution. For a color version of this figure, see...Figure 6.5. Temperature distributions for various models. For a color versionof ...Figure 6.6. Comparison of residual stresses in the keyhole model. For a color ve...Figure 6.7. Comparison of temperatures in the keyhole model. For a color version...Figure 6.8. Thermal results for Gaussian and frustum heat flux. For a color vers...Figure 6.9. Stress results for Gaussian and frustum heat flux. For a color versi...Figure 6.10. Conduction model for various power inputs. For a color version of t...Figure 6.11. Temperature distribution for various power inputs. For a color vers...Figure 6.12. Residual stress distribution for various power inputs. For a color ...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1. Photographs of the pin profiles of different tools according to N. B...Figure 7.2. True stress-true strain curves of 1.4 mm-thick JSC590RN steel sample...Figure 7.3. Grid marking of the TWB according to Vijay Gautam et al. For a color...Figure 7.4. Tailored Nakazima specimens according to S.M. Chan et al.Figure 7.5. Micrographs (weldable) of TWBs: (a) AA6061, (b) AA2014, (c) naturall...Figure 7.6. Deformed blanks made up of aluminum and SS alloys according to N. Bh...Figure 7.7. SEM graphs of the welded zones made of the pin profiles of the SC to...Figure 7.8. Al-HSLA welded line moves for three thickness ratios according to Ar...Figure 7.9. Welded Al-DP line moves for three thickness ratios according to Arma...Figure 7.10. Metallographic images from the welded sample center, according to M...Figure 7.11. Investigation of the weld in the transverse direction of similar th...Figure 7.12. Effect of the change in thickness by equating standard alloys and d...Figure 7.13. FLD developed by dissimilar weld blanks, according to M. Habibi et ...Figure 7.14. TWB failure type according to S.M. Chan et al.Figure 7.15. Defects observed: (a) hot cracks inside the stirred zone; (b) view ...Figure 7.16. Measures of microstructural and microhardness joints, according to ...Figure 7.17. Micrographs showing (a) the D1 mixture pattern, (b) D1 at the stir ...Figure 7.18. SEM images of weld contacts of different alloys: (a) D1 and (b) D2,...Figure 7.19. Fractography of the tensile test specimen: (a) Al–Al type weld and ...Figure 7.20. Optical cross-section micrographs perpendicular to the frictionstir...Figure 7.21. Rotational speed of the tool influences the elongation and FSW plat...Figure 7.22. Microhardness survey according to Aruri Devaraju et al. For a color...Figure 7.23. Fracture features of dissimilar joints according to Aruri Devaraju ...Figure 7.24. Microstructure at optimal process parameters according to Shrinivas...Figure 7.25. SEM images of sample no. 2: (a) contact zone of AA5083, (b) top nug...Figure 7.26. Micrographs of weld using the hexagon tool pin profile of different...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1. GP polyester resin. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste...Figure 8.2. Maximum mold release wax. For a color version of this figure, see ww...Figure 8.3. S-glass. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/kuma...Figure 8.4. Tensile test. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk...Figure 8.5. Impact tester. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.u...Figure 8.6. Bending test. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk...Figure 8.7. Compression test. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.c...Figure 8.8. Ethiopian origin stinging nettle plant. For a color version of this ...Figure 8.9. Left to right: stem, abirbara fibers before processing and by-produc...Figure 8.10. Soaking the fiber in the NaOH solution and drying. For a color vers...Figure 8.11. 0°/90° woven preparation. For a color version of this figure, see w...Figure 8.12. 0° and/or 90° fiber arrangement. For a color version of this figure...Figure 8.13. 0°/90° woven arrangement. For a color version of this figure, see w...Figure 8.14. Hand lay-up process. For a color version of this figure, see www.is...Figure 8.15. Test machines. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co....Figure 8.16. Tensile strength of different fiber orientations. For a color versi...Figure 8.17. Compression test results for different fiber orientations. For a co...Figure 8.18. 0° fiber-oriented bending test result. For a color version of this ...Figure 8.19. Bending test comparison. For a color version of this figure, see ww...Figure 8.20. Impact test comparison. For a color version of this figure, see www...Figure 8.21. Water absorption rate. For a color version of this figure, see www....Figure 8.22. Model for the B-pillar and the barrier element. For a color version...Figure 8.23. Energy summary graph of the EOSN composite. For a color version of ...Figure 8.24. Equivalent stress distribution of the EOSN composite. For a color v...Figure 8.25. Energy summary graph of the steel B-pillar outer panel. For a color...Figure 8.26. Comparison of the deformation between the composite and the steel B...