Читать книгу Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications - Группа авторов - Страница 44

Biological alteration by lignin. Its reactivity improved in response to lignin’s oxidatively crosslinked enzyme systems or else prior reaction of lignin to methylated phenols [81].

Peng and Riedl utilized starch as fillers in phenol-formaldehyde resins and identified that p–p link arrangements were strengthened with lingo-sulfate. So lingo-sulfate is the basis of lignin. Besides, when wheat derived starch was utilized, the least quantity of condensation was produced, yielding the maximum reactivity of lignin–starch formaldehyde mixtures [82].

The use of novel approaches that are based on lignin. Efficient phenol diluents in lignins derived from hydrolysis of acetosolv acid and organosolv processes have been shown to be phenol–based resin systems.

Cetin and Ozman observed that substitution of organosolv lignin on behalf of phenol in phenol–formaldehyde resins has shown adequate resin characteristics and has excellent curing characters relative to lignin-free resin [83, 84].

The promotion of lignin for phenolics on an economic basis alone is reliable.