Читать книгу Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications - Группа авторов - Страница 57

Biomass from decades has remained primary source of renewable energy for humanity. Jacobsson and Johnson [46] defined photosynthesis derived organic mass including land and water-based vegetation as biomass. Later, the concept of biomass was elaborated to all organic mass available through natural process or anthropogenic activities except plastics and fossil fuel [47]. Biomass is measured as dry weight mass per unit area (g m^–2 or Mg ha^–1). The processed biomass is called feedstock. The most prominent sources of biomass (illustrated in Figure 3.2) are agricultural and forestry residues, waste from aquatic ecosystem, energy crops, industrial solid waste, industrial effluents rich in organic loads, residues from livestock farms, municipal solid waste, sewage and anthropogenic generated waste streams [48] (Figure 3.1).

Based on origin, the biomass is classified into five different groups:

1 i) Wood and woody biomass

2 ii) Herbaceous biomass

3 iii) Aquatic biomass

4 iv) Animal and human waste biomass

5 v) Biomass mixtures and municipal biomass.

Figure 3.1 Different methods for biomass transformation to fuels and value-added chemicals.

Figure 3.2 Different sources of biomass.