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Such freedoms afforded in physical form-finding are not readily available in computational analysis. While the spring-based vector position method allows for the simulation of elastic bending on already curved elements, the input geometry for finite element analysis is required to be straight or planar in order for shape and residual bending stresses to be simulated accurately. The form-finding sequence shown in Fig. 7 shows the transformation of individual straight elements into a network of interconnected leaves. The resultant bending-active geometry is compared to the scaled physical model, which provides the initial topological input as shown in Fig. 8. The geometric difference measured in relative length, was found to be smaller than 3%. In the case of both the meta-scale interleaved structure and meso-scale cellular structure, the precedent for the computational explorations and analysis was established through a physically feasible system.

Fig. 7 Sequence of form-finding for bending-active structure of the M1 using FEM software Sofistik (Lienhard, 2012)

Fig. 8 Comparison between physical form-finding model and computational model in Sofistik (Photo by Ahlquist, 2013; Sofistik model by Lienhard, 2012)