Читать книгу X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences - Группа авторов - Страница 2
Table of Contents
Оглавление1 Cover
5 Preface
6 Part I: General Introduction 1 X‐Ray Fluorescence and Comparison with Other Analytical Methods (AAS, ICP‐AES, LA‐ICP‐MS, IC, LIBS, SEM‐EDS, and XRD) 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Analytical Capabilities of XRF and Micro‐XRF 1.3 Comparison with Other Analytical Methods 1.4 Comparison of XRF and XRD 1.5 Comparison of XRF and Raman Spectroscopy 1.6 Conclusion and Prospects References 2 X‐Ray Fluorescence for Multi‐elemental Analysis of Vegetation Samples 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Features and Analytical Capabilities of XRF Configurations used in Vegetation Sample Analysis 2.3 General Sample Treatment Procedures used for Vegetation Sample Analysis using XRF Techniques 2.4 Applications of XRF in the Field of Vegetation Samples Analysis 2.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives References 3 X‐Ray Fluorescence Studies of Tea and Coffee 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Equipment Used 3.3 Preparation of Samples for Analysis 3.4 Examples of Practical Applications of XRF for Tea Research 3.5 Examples of Practical Applications of XRF for Coffee Research 3.6 Determination of the Elemental Composition of Krasnodar Tea Samples by TXRF and WDXRF 3.7 Interelement Effects and Procedures of their Accounting 3.8 Conclusion References 4 Total Reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence and it’s Suitability for Biological Samples 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Advantages and Limitations of conventional XRF for Elemental Determinations in Biological Systems 4.3 Factors Limiting the Application of XRF for Biological Sample Analysis 4.4 Modifying XRF to Make it Suitable for Elemental Determinations at Trace Levels: Total Reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) Spectrometry 4.5 Suitability of TXRF for Elemental Analysis in Biological Samples References 5 Micro X‐Ray Fluorescence and X‐Ray Absorption near Edge Structure Analysis of Heavy Metals in Micro‐organism 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Effects of Heavy Metals on Microbial Growth 5.3 Application of μ‐XRF and XAS in Understanding the Cycling of Elements Driven by Micro‐organism 5.4 Application of μ‐XRF and XAS in Understanding the Transformation of Elements Driven by Micro‐organisms 5.5 Application of μ‐XRF and XAS in Understanding the Mechanism of Using Micro‐organisms in Bioremediation 5.6 The Advantage of Using μ‐XRF and XAS to Explore the Interaction Mechanism Between Micro‐organisms and Heavy Metals References 6 Use of Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Fluorescence for Clinical Diagnosis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Determination of Arsenic Concentration in Human Scalp Hair for the Diagnosis of Arsenicosis Disease 6.3 Determination of Lead Concentrations in Human Whole Blood Using EDXRF Technique with Special Emphasis on Evaluating Association of Blood Lead Levels with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) 6.4 Conclusion References 7 Preparation of Sample for X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Solid Samples 7.3 Powder Samples 7.4 Liquid Samples 7.5 Sample Preparation for Infinitely Thick and Intermediate Specimen 7.6 Sample Preparation of Animal Cells 7.7 Sample Preparation of Plant Section 7.8 Precautions During Sample Preparation and Handling 7.9 Conclusion and Future Directions References
7 Part II: Synchrotron Radiation XRF 8 Elemental Analysis Using Synchrotron Radiation X ‐Ray Fluorescence 8.1 Importance of Trace and Ultra‐Trace Elemental Analysis 8.2 Various Methods for Trace Element Analysis 8.3 Comparison of TXRF and EDXRF Geometries 8.4 Synchrotron Radiation 8.5 Indus Synchrotron Radiation Facility 8.6 Microprobe X‐Ray Fluorescence Beamline (BL‐16) 8.7 Experimental Facilities Available on the BL‐16 8.8 Discussion and Summary References 9 Synchrotron Radiation Based Micro X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Plant Materials 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Instrumentation and Sample Preparation 9.3 Case Studies Acknowledgements References 10 Micro X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Toxic Elements in Plants 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Advantages of XRF Technique for Plants Analysis 10.3 Preparation of Plant Samples for μ‐XRF Analysis 10.4 The Case Studies of Synchrotron μ‐XRF for Determination of Toxic Elements in Plants 10.5 Conclusion and Outlook References 11 Micro X‐Ray Fluorescence Studies of Earthworm (Benthonic Fauna) in Soils and Sediments 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sample Preparation Methods 11.3 Earthworms and Soil Ecosystem 11.4 Overview References 12 Synchronous Radiation X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Microelements in Biopsy Tissues 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Samples Preparation 12.3 Materials and Methods 12.4 SRXRF Measurements 12.5 SRXRF Biopsy Material of Living Organisms 12.6 Study of Elemental Composition and Inter‐Element Correlations in the Liver and Lungs of Animals with Food Obesity 12.7 Concluding Remarks References
8 Part III: Total Reflection XRF 13 Total Reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of some Biological Samples 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Trace Element Determinations in Marine Organisms by TXRF 13.3 Trace Element Determination in Blood Samples by TXRF 13.4 Analysis of Saliva and Oral Fluids by TXRF 13.5 TXRF Analysis of Hair Samples for Detection of Metal Poisoning and Other Forensic Applications 13.6 Kidney Stone Analysis by TXRF 13.7 Elemental Analysis of Cancerous and Normal Tissues by TXRF 13.8 TXRF Studies on Blood and Heart Tissues as Biomarkers of Radiation Dose 13.9 Urine Analysis by TXRF 13.10 Nail Analysis by TXRF 13.11 Analysis of Human Eye Lens and Aqueous Humor of Cataract Patients 13.12 Future Prospects for TXRF Analysis of Biological Samples References 14 Recent Developments in X‐Ray Fluorescence for Characterization of Nano‐Structured Materials 14.1 Principles of GIXRF Analysis 14.2 A Few Case Studies 14.3 Various Computational Tools (CATGIXRF Paper) 14.4 Structural Analysis of some Complex Nano‐Structures 14.5 Characterization of Absorbed Impurities on Surfaces 14.6 Discussion and Summary References 15 Total‐Reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Alcoholic and Non‐Alcoholic Beverages 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Features of Sample Preparation 15.3 Thin Layer Criterion 15.4 Quantitative Analysis 15.5 Angular Scanning 15.6 Absorption Effects 15.7 Method of Standard Addition Acknowledgements References 16 Trace Elements Analysis of Blood Samples and Serum Using Total Reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Experimental 16.3 Sample Preparation 16.4 Applications 16.5 Conclusions References
9 Part IV: Beginner's Guide 17 Basics and Fundamentals of X‐Rays 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Different X‐Ray Excitation Sources 17.3 X‐Ray Detectors 17.4 X‐Ray Absorption and Scattering 17.5 Quantization and Detection Limits of X‐Ray Fluorescence 17.6 Preventive Measures References 18 General Principle, Procedures and Detectors of X‐Ray Fluorescence 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Basic Principle of X‐Ray Fluorescence 18.3 Small Spot Instruments and Micro‐XRF 18.4 Different X‐Ray Optics Configurations for Elemental Imaging in 2D/3D Using μ‐XRF 18.5 Conclusion References 19 Quantitative Analysis in X‐Ray Fluorescence System 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Components for the X‐Ray Spectrometry 19.3 Analytical Methods in X‐Ray Fluorescence 19.4 Concluding Remarks References 20 Electronics and Instrumentation for X‐Ray Fluorescence 20.1 Introduction 20.2 X‐Ray Sources 20.3 Solid‐State Detectors 20.4 Silicon Drift Detector 20.5 Noise and Readout Electronics 20.6 Signal Processing 20.7 Combination with Other Techniques 20.8 Conclusions References
10 Part V: Application to Biological Samples 21 Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Biological Materials 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Theoretical Basics of EDXRF 21.3 EDXRF Instrumentation 21.4 Quantification of EDXRF Spectra 21.5 Sampling and Sample Preparation 21.6 Case Studies Acknowledgements References 22 X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Milk and Dairy Products 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Conventional XRF 22.3 Total‐reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence Acknowledgements References 23 X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Medicinal Plants 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Issues Highlighted in Publications 23.3 XRF Specifications Used in Analysis of Medicinal Plants and Medicines 23.4 Procedures of Plant Sample Preparation 23.5 Interelement Effects, Account Ways 23.6 WDXRF Analysis of Siberian Violets 23.7 Concluding Remarks References 24 X‐Ray Fluorescence Studies of Animal and Human Cell Biology 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Applications of XRF in Cell Biology 24.3 Conclusion References 25 Toxic and Essential Elemental Studies of Human Organs Using X‐Ray Fluorescence 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Intracellular Trace Elements 25.3 Major Elements 25.4 Biological Molecules 25.5 Non‐Alcoholic and Alcoholic Beverages (Water, Tea, Must, Coffee and Wine) 25.6 Vegetable and Aromatic Oils 25.7 Conclusion References 26 X‐Ray Fluorescence for Rapid Detection of Uranium in Blood Extracted from Wounds 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Physical Properties of Uranium 26.3 Health Effects of Uranium Uptake 26.4 Current Uranium Contamination Inspection Methods 26.5 Usefulness of XRF Analysis in Uranium Determination 26.6 Examination of Blood Collection Materials 26.7 XRF Analysis of Simulated Uranium‐Contaminated Blood Collection Samples 26.8 Summary References 27 X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Human Hair 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Human Hair 27.3 Methods and Materials 27.4 X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis 27.5 Correlation of Trace Elements in Hair 27.6 Conclusion References 28 X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry to Study Gallstones, Kidney Stones, Hair, Nails, Bones, Teeth and Cancerous Tissues 28.1 Introduction to Trace Mineral Elements in Biomedical Samples 28.2 Applications of XRF for Biological Specimens 28.3 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgement References 29 Sampling and Sample Preparation for Chemical Analysis of Plants by Wavelength Dispersive X‐Ray Fluorescence 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Sampling and Sample Preparation 29.3 Method of Analysis: Wavelength Dispersion X‐Ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) Spectrometry References 30 X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis in Medical Biology 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Role of XRF in Cancerous Diagnosis 30.3 Conclusion and Future Prospects of XRF in Medical Biology References 31 X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis in Pharmacology 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Equipment Used and Procedures for Preparation of Samples for Analysis 31.3 Examples of Applications of XRF for Pharmaceutical Products Research 31.4 Conclusion References
11 Part VI: Special Topics and Comparision with Other Methods 32 X‐Ray Fluorescence and State‐of‐the‐Art Related Techniques to the Study of Teeth, Calculus and Oral Tissues 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Conventional X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis 32.3 Synchrotron Radiation Induced XRF Analysis 32.4 Spatially‐Resolved XRF for Studies of Bonds between Tooth and Dental Calculus 32.5 Total Reflection of X‐Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) for Analysis of Metals in Oral Fluids of Patients with Dental Implants 32.6 EDIXS Microanalysis of the Local Structure of Calcium in Tooth Layers References 33 Lab‐scale Wavelength Dispersive X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer and Signal Processing Evaluation 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Fundamental and Layout 33.3 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 33.4 Applications 33.5 Conclusion and Prospects Acknowledgment References 34 Chemometric Processing of X‐Ray Fluorescence Data 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Principal Component Analysis 34.3 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis 34.4 Partial Least Squares (PLS) 34.5 Other Methods References 35 X‐Ray Crystallography in Medicinal Biology 35.1 Introduction 35.2 Drug Design 35.3 Monitoring Changes in Concentrations of Trace Elements 35.4 Conclusion References 36 Historical Fundamentals of X‐Ray Instruments and Present Trends in Biological Science 36.1 Brief History of X‐Ray Fluorescence 36.2 Introduction 36.3 Nature of X‐Rays 36.4 Production of X‐Rays 36.5 Interaction of X‐Rays with Matter 36.6 Role of X‐Rays in Biological Analysis 36.7 Different X‐Ray Excitation Sources 36.8 X‐Ray Detectors 36.9 Polarization of X‐Rays 36.10 Quantization and Detection Limits of X‐Rays 36.11 Preventative Measures 36.12 Concluding Remarks References 37 X‐Ray Fluorescence Studies of Biological Objects in Mongolia 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Determination of Some Elements in Plant Materials of the Khuvsgul Lake Basin 37.3 Human Hair Studies in Mongolia 37.4 Application of X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis for Forensic Investigations in Mongolia 37.5 Determination of Some Trace Elements in Livestock Using XRF 37.6 Determination of Some Trace Elements in Foods Using XRF Acknowledgements References 38 Arsenic Analysis 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Arsenic Species 38.3 Gutzeit Method 38.4 Principles of HG‐AAS Arsenic Analysis 38.5 Problems in Yamauchi's Method 38.6 Selective Excitation of SRXRF 38.7 Stray Light 38.8 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 39 X‐Ray Fluorescence: Current Trends and Future Scope 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Principle 39.3 X‐Ray Fluorescence 39.4 Application of X‐Ray Fluorescence Technique 39.5 XRF Technique Used in Biology 39.6 Applications of XRF in the Study of Plant Physiology 39.7 Application in Animal Biology and Medicinal Biology 39.8 Applications in Nanotechnology 39.9 Methodological Improvement 39.10 Molecular Fluorescence Samples 39.11 Fourier Transform Infra‐red (FTIR) Spectroscopy 39.12 Novel X‐Ray Imaging Methods 39.13 Conclusion and Advances References
12 Index
