Читать книгу X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences - Группа авторов - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 A concise visual reference of most of the ring analytical techniq...Figure 1.2 RGB representation of Ca, Fe, P (micro‐XRF) and Ca, P, Zn (LA‐ICP...Figure 1.3 A schematic setup of laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (Figure 1.4 K‐shell cross sections for electron and X‐ray irradiation. Here X...Figure 1.5 Limit of detection for electron and X‐ray excitation (for similar...Figure 1.6 Excitation geometry in an SEM with a μ‐XRF source.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Desirable analytical features of a technique to be used for veget...Figure 2.2 Spectra acquired in the analysis of a leaf sample collected in a ...Figure 2.3 Most commonly used sample treatment strategies for vegetation sam...Figure 2.4 EDXRF spectra obtained in the analysis of leaves of Betula Pendul...Figure 2.5 Phosphorus 2D‐mappings of transversal and longitudinal sections o...

3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 X‐rays undergoing reflection and refraction.Figure 4.2 Depiction of total reflection of X‐rays on the sample support con...Figure 4.3 A representation of the advantages of TXRF analysis involving eff...Figure 4.4 A schematic depiction of TXRF instrumentation for trace element a...Figure 4.5 Schematic flow chart of sample preparation in TXRF analysis.

4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Reduction and detoxification mechanism of gold ions by Rhizopous ...

5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 (a)–(d) Different steps of making sample pellet for EDXRF analysi...Figure 6.2 Irradiation of sample pellets using compact energy dispersive X‐r...Figure 6.3 Calibration curve for measurement of arsenic (As).Figure 6.4 Pellet of blood sample.Figure 6.5 Energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) system.

6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Relative X‐ray intensity ratio values versus sample thickness.

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Schematic of AAS technique.Figure 8.2 Process of neutron activation analysis technique.Figure 8.3 An illustration of excitation geometries in EDXRF and TXRF method...Figure 8.4 X‐ray fluorescence spectra measured in the two excitation geometr...Figure 8.5 Shape of an X‐ray beam emitted from a line‐focus window of an X‐r...Figure 8.6 Typical average brilliance of different sources.Figure 8.7 A schematic layout of the Indus SR facility [32].Figure 8.8 An illustration of the optical layout of BL‐16 X‐ray microfocus b...Figure 8.9 Schematic of the optical layout of BL‐16 beamline DCM optics.Figure 8.10 An inside view of the experimental hutch of the BL‐16 micro‐XRF ...Figure 8.11 A photographic view of the radiation shielding hutch of the BL‐1...Figure 8.12 Measured SR‐EDXRF spectra of various NIST‐SRMs (spectrum acquisi...Figure 8.13 Measured minimum detection sensitivities derived for various ele...Figure 8.14 Measured photons flux at different X‐ray energies for the collim...Figure 8.15 BL‐16 beamline TXRF experimental station showing mounting of var...Figure 8.16 TXRF spectrum of the NIST‐1640 standard reference material. In t...Figure 8.17 Recorded TXRF spectrum from Merck reference standard material (I...Figure 8.18 Recorded TXRF spectrum of ground water using monochromatic synch...Figure 8.19 Recorded TXRF spectrum for the coconut fruit water using monochr...Figure 8.20 A snapshot of the EDXRF quantitative analysis program “CATXRF‐Qu...Figure 8.21 Different snapshots of running of the ‘CATXRF‐Quant’. anal...Figure 8.22 A photographic view of the X‐ray reflectometer station installed...Figure 8.23 Schematic layout of the principle of microprobe X‐ray fluorescen...Figure 8.24 Measured focused X‐ray beam obtained using the BL‐16 Kirkpatrick...Figure 8.25 A comparison of the measured X‐ray fluorescence and optical imag...Figure 8.26 Measured fluorescence spectra from an archeological tile sample ...Figure 8.27 Measured fluorescence micrographs for Pb and Fe elements distrib...Figure 8.28 Measured micro X‐ray fluorescence map for the Co element.Figure 8.29 Photographic view of the Khajuraho temples (in India) and the cr...Figure 8.30 Measured XRF spectra from stone samples collected from monuments...

8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 A set‐up of the TwinMic end‐station: a diffractive focusing optic...Figure 9.2 Sample preparation steps: (a) excision, (b) plunge freezing in pr...Figure 9.3 Cadmium distribution maps (in red; higher intensity represents hi...Figure 9.4 Aluminum distribution map (in red, where higher intensity represe...Figure 9.5 Localization of Hg in Boletus edulis fruiting body performed at X...

9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 μ‐XRF spectra of waterlogged O. javanica root.Figure 10.2 Root cross‐sectional laboratory μ‐XRF images of waterlogged O. j...

10 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Element distribution characteristics of P, S, Fe, and As in tran...Figure 11.2 (a) 2D mapping of Silver (Ag), Sulfur (S) and Phosphorus (P) of ...

11 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Sample preparation scheme.Figure 12.2 The spectrum of the sample standard hair NIST No. 5 at Eexc = 19...Figure 12.3 The spectrum of a sample of the wall of the duodenum of a rabbit...Figure 12.4 The concentration of chemical elements in the stomach, small and...Figure 12.5 Distribution of K, Zn, and Se in three donors within six months,...

12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 The possible ways of chemical contamination and toxication of hu...Figure 13.2 Depiction of different parts of human body as source of biologic...

13 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Reflection and refraction of X‐rays through the boundary of an i...Figure 14.2 Refraction and reflection phenomenon of X‐rays in a multilayer t...Figure 14.3 Various concentration profiles for an element in a layer of thic...Figure 14.4 GIXRF profile recorded for a 20 nm Fe thin film. Scattered point...Figure 14.5 GIXRF profile measured for a 30 nm Fe thin film. Scattered point...Figure 14.7 Normalized X‐ray reflectivity and fluorescence intensities of Ti...Figure 14.8 Normalized X‐ray reflectivity and fluorescence intensities of Ti...Figure 14.9 Computed X‐ray reflectivity (XRR) and grazing incidence X‐ray fl...Figure 14.10 (a) Electric field intensity distribution computed inside the C...Figure 14.11 A schematic representation showing the X‐ray reflection from a ...Figure 14.12 Computed electric field intensity distribution inside a B₄C/W p...Figure 14.13 Measured and fitted X‐ray reflectivity (XRR) and grazing incide...Figure 14.14 A schematic illustration showing the distribution of nanopartic...Figure 14.15 Computed Au‐La fluorescence profiles for the Au nanospheres dis...Figure 14.16 (a) Measured and fitted Au‐L_α fluorescence profiles obtain...Figure 14.17 (a) The measured and fitted GIXRF profiles for different distri...Figure 14.18 Methodology of production of float glass using float technique....Figure 14.19 TXRF spectra of the two surfaces of float glass at incident exc...Figure 14.20 GIXRF profiles for Fe on the two surface of float glass. Solid ...Figure 14.21 GIXRF profile for Sn on the tin‐side surface with respective ex...Figure 14.22 Measured X‐ray reflectivity profiles on the two sides of a floa...

14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Transmission of X‐rays for C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ matrix for different thickn...Figure 15.2 Images of specimens prepared for the direct TXRF analysis, dried...Figure 15.3 TXRF spectra of soft drink obtained after direct analysis and ac...Figure 15.4 Experimental behavior of the Mo intensity depending on the angle...Figure 15.5 Exponential behavior observed between the differences in the ele...Figure 15.6 Recovery values obtained using method of standard addition after...

15 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Three main interaction of X‐rays with matter.Figure 18.2 Schematic setups for (a) SEM–EDX, (b) μ‐XRF and (c) Cμ‐XRF. All ...

16 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 EDXRF components.Figure 19.2 WDXRF components.

17 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 X‐ray fluorescence (XRF): (a) measurement setup, (b) atomic view...Figure 20.2 Periodic table of elements reporting the atomic number (Z) and t...Figure 20.3 Scheme of a standard X‐ray tube and example of the generated spe...Figure 20.4 Families of XRF analyzers: (a) portable guns(b) table‐top in...Figure 20.5 Comparison of semiconductor detectors (silicon and germanium) wi...Figure 20.6 Silicon drift detector (SDD) coupled to an external CMOS CSA rea...Figure 20.7 Strategies for readout of the charge Q generated in the detector...Figure 20.8 Complete electronic acquisition chain for EDXRF featuring: a CSA...Figure 20.9 Comparison of the block schemes of (a) analog and (b) digital pu...

18 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Interactions of X‐rays with matter adopted after [12].Figure 21.2 Interaction of an atom with X‐rays (a) photoelectric effect; (b)...Figure 21.3 Electronic transitions in excited atom, where one of the electro...Figure 21.4 Variation of τ_Mo as a function of X‐ray photon energy. The K‐, LFigure 21.5 (a) Transportable X‐ray spectrometer Peduzo 02T, designed and bu...Figure 21.6 Two‐way cluster analysis with complete linkage of z‐normalized e...Figure 21.7 Two‐way cluster analysis with complete linkage of z‐normalized e...

19 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Compton peak intensity as a function of milk fat content.Figure 22.2 Dependence of values of μ _∑ () and P _s ^thin ...Figure 22.3 Relation of the coefficient k _i to the surface density of the ...Figure 22.4 Influence of the degree of milk dilution on the results of detec...

20 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 (a) X‐ray spectrum of Viola uniflora L and (b) X‐ray spectrum of ...Figure 23.2 (a and b) Element distributions between the parts of Viola biflo...

21 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Prostate cancer tissue with marked scanned area (a). Map of zinc...

22 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Applications of XRF in biochemical investigation.

23 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 Contamination inspection of a notebook using an α‐particle surve...Figure 26.2 Example of an α‐wound monitor.Figure 26.3 Schematic representation of the proposed blood collection proced...Figure 26.4 (a) XRF spectrometer and (b) the sample stage.Figure 26.5 Image of a sample (diameter ~5.5 mm) taken with the sample monit...Figure 26.6 Image of incident X‐ray obtained using a Gafchromic film.Figure 26.7 (a) Incident X‐ray image obtained by image analysis of a Gafchro...Figure 26.8 XRF spectra of a human blood sample and an aqueous solution cont...Figure 26.9 Enlarged XRF spectra around the U Lα peak.Figure 26.10 XRF spectra of human blood samples containing different concent...Figure 26.11 Fitting results. (a) Representative measurement result of a blo...Figure 26.12 Relationship between the sample uranium content and the net sig...Figure 26.13 Background signal at the overlapping peaks.

24 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 EDX–SEM images showing surface morphology of hair samples (×800)...Figure 27.2 Comparison spectra of hair single fibers (EDXRF with Mo secondar...

25 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Portable XRF and KXRF bone Pb measurements in bare condor tibia ...Figure 28.2 Clinical sampling situation from dental prostheses set in oral c...Figure 28.3 X‐ray fluorescence spectra for the Au–Ag–Pd alloy when the TM bu...Figure 28.4 The X‐ray fluorescence spectra for the Ni–Cr alloy when the TM b...Figure 28.5(a–d) The relative and overlapped WDXRF spectra of kidney stones ...Figure 28.6 Elemental mapping images of Ca, S, P, and Ni in the Ni‐implanted...Figure 28.7 TXRF calibration curves of K‐series for serum, urine, and hair s...

26 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Methods of splitting samples: (a) cone and quartering and (b) ri...Figure 29.2 Effect of the packaging density in the intensity of the radiatio...Figure 29.3 Relation between particle size of the sample and intensity of th...Figure 29.4 A representation of a Bragg's law and a diffraction crystal.Figure 29.5 Representation of the movement of a flat crystal in the X‐ray sp...Figure 29.6 Efficiency of gas proportional counter vs scintillation counter....Figure 29.7 Typical calibration curve of an element in XRF analysis.

27 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 The surface of the sample named “M7” showing the different tissu...Figure 32.2 Zn and Cu distribution along the scanning path Abraham et al. 20...Figure 32.3 Experimental setup for TXRF using synchrotron radiation Abraham ...Figure 32.4 TXRF spectra of (a) saliva and (b) gingival crevice fluid. Abrah...Figure 32.5 Image of the thin sample. Different tooth layers and the irradia...Figure 32.6 Image of the thick sample. Different tooth layers and the irradi...Figure 32.7 RIXS Residuals of the four different tooth layers for the thin s...Figure 32.8 RIXS Residuals of the four different tooth layers for the thick ...

28 Chapter 33Figure 33.1 Variation of cross‐sections for various photon‐atom interaction ...Figure 33.2 Rayleigh and Compton peaks coming from ₄₅Rh X‐ray tube source fo...Figure 33.3 Diagram of WD spectrometer showing the combination of soller sli...Figure 33.4 Picture of (a) rings and cups of different sizes, (b) sample pre...Figure 33.5 Graph of intensity correction of M emission spectra (a) Mα and (...Figure 33.6 Comparison of energy resolution of (a) LiF (200) and (b) PET (00...Figure 33.7 Relative efficiency of (a) flow proportional counter and (b) sci...Figure 33.8 Calibration curves (a)–(f) of selected Kα and Kβ₁ spectral lines...Figure 33.9 Calibration curves (a)–(f) of selected Kβ₁, Lα and Lβ₁ spectral ...Figure 33.10 Linear relation between known concentration (ppm) and the measu...Figure 33.11 Linear relation between known concentration (ppm) and the measu...Figure 33.12 Linear relation between known concentration (ppm) and the measu...Figure 33.13 Energy shift spectra of a Kα₁ and b Kα₂ emission lines of vario...Figure 33.14 Exponential relation between Intensity ratio (a) Kα₂/Kα₄ (b) KαFigure 33.15 (a) Lα emission lines of ₃₈Sr with associated satellite peaks (

29 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Typical data structure for chemometric processing of XRF data.Figure 34.2 Geometrical interpretation of PCA. (a) Raw data in three dimensi...Figure 34.3 Example of PCA scores (a) and loadings (b) plots.Figure 34.4 Example of HCA dendrogram.Figure 34.5 Univariate and multivariate calibration.Figure 34.6 The scheme of PLS modeling.

30 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 Use of X‐ray crystallography in drug designing and diagnosis.

31 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 The electromagnetic spectrum. Higher‐frequency radiation (X‐rays...Figure 36.2 The mechanism of characteristic X‐ray generation.Figure 36.3 Arrangement for the determination of lead (Pb) in finger‐bone by...Figure 36.4 XRF spectrum of cancerous brain tissue obtained at an energy of ...Figure 36.5 Ca, Zn and Cu distribution maps in the benign tumor tissue conta...Figure 36.6 μ‐XRF elemental maps for Pb, Ca, K, Zn, P, and S of leaf cr...

32 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 X‐ray spectrum of plant ash (X‐ray spectrometer with a Si (Li)‐d...Figure 37.2 Frequency of logarithmic distribution of calcium concentrationin...

33 Chapter 38Figure 38.1 A schematic illustration of redox potential of As(V)‐As(III) and...Figure 38.2 The recovery rate of As(III) and As(V) depending on pH, taken fr...Figure 38.3 SRXRF spectrum of suspect's hair shaft measured on the BL‐4A bea...Figure 38.4 Plot of the whole spectrum of Figure 38.3, with logarithmic scal...

34 Chapter 39Figure 39.1 Schematic diagram of the X‐ray microscope elements. The power of...