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One of the most important features of DNA origami is that each individual position in the origami structure contains different sequence information. This means that functional molecules and particles attached to the staple strands can be specifically placed at desired positions on the origami structure. DNA origami is a versatile scaffold for the functionalization of relatively large molecules and nanoparticles. The surface of the DNA origami has different sequences at all positions, meaning that the individual sequences correspond to individual addresses in the origami structure. Using a rectangular DNA origami tile, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and proteins were attached at specific target positions on the surface. Single and double AuNPs were directly incorporated at specific positions on DNA origami using synthetic DNA‐AuNP conjugates [34]. DNA‐AuNP conjugates connected by double thiol groups attached to the DNA tile in 91% yield. Furthermore, three different sizes of AuNPs (5, 10, and 15 nm) were site‐selectively incorporated into triangular DNA origami in around 50% yield (Figure 1.6a) [35]. The multiple metal nanoparticle complexes can be assembled programmably and can be stably purified by gel electrophoresis.

Figure 1.6 Selective incorporation of nanoparticles, proteins, enzymes, and functional molecules onto the DNA origami structures. (a) Selective placement of different size of AuNPs on DNA origami.

Source: Ding et al. [35]/with permission of American Chemical Society.

(b) Stepwise and selective placement of proteins using a ligand and counterpart tag protein binding.

Source: Sacca et al. [36]/with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

(c) Two‐enzyme‐coupled cascade [glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)] constructed on the DNA origami.

Source: Fu et al. [37]/with permission of American Chemical Society.

(d) Arrangement of fluorophores on DNA origami to control the direction of energy transfer. FRET‐related ratios from blue to red (E*_br) and from blue to IR (E*_bir) for the four different origami samples. Dark gray, light gray, and black spheres represent the input, jumper and output dyes, respectively. White sphere indicates the absence of jumper dye.

Source: Stein et al. [38]/with permission of American Chemical Society.