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2.2 Plant–Microbe Interaction in the Rhizosphere

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“Rhizosphere” is derived from “rhiza” or root and “sphere” or the field of influence in ancient Greek. The rhizosphere is the soil environment surrounding plant roots, and it is a crucial underground region for plant–microbe interaction. The rhizosphere comprises 10-fold microbes more than that in the surrounding soil, and the rhizosphere microbiome may consist of fungi, bacteria, archaea, actinomycetes, and viruses [3]. Roots utilize photosynthates to produce exudates used by rhizosphere microbiota to exchange nutrients and water [4]. Root exudates also function as signaling molecules, attractants, stimulants, or repellents to rhizosphere microbes. Bioactive compounds of exudates vary with plant species that define microbial community [5]. Root secretion influences soil pH, soil structure, oxygen obtainability, and influences plant–microbe interaction. A study on secondary metabolite benzoxazinoids showed it’s defensive role in cereals, alters rhizosphere fungal and bacterial microbiota, and influences plant growth [6]. Bacteria produce protein and polysaccharides, which allow them to attach with roots as biofilm aggregates [7]. Symbiotic association evolved millions of years ago, and most living plants form a symbiotic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) [8]. Upon sensation of strigolactone from plant roots, AMF initiates hyphal branching to colonize roots and releases lipochito oligosaccharides, promoting plant growth by increasing root surface area [1]. Almost all soilborne fungi are necrotrophic, and they do not require the living cell to acquire nutrients.

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