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Plants contain many active biological compounds, and plant-based medicine has been a part of traditional health care in most parts of the world, the most important being traditional Chinese medicine, phyto-therapeutic knowledge from the Mayans, Australian aboriginal medicine, and many other cultures that provide a huge spectrum for natural remedies exploited as therapeutic agents. Up till now, more than 5000 plant species biological compounds have been used against many diseases, providing the basis for the discovery of modern drugs, i.e. anticancer agents (Miller et al. 2010). These bioactive phytochemical compounds shift toward phyto-therapeutic agents produced by specific microbes during plant–host interaction (Compant et al. 2010).

Chinese medicinal plants such as (Ainsliaea henryi Diels, Potentilla discolor Bge, Juncus effusus L. var. decipiens Buchen, and Rhizoma arisaematis) showed specific actino-bacterial community and remarkable colonization with actinobacteria (Zhao et al. 2012). Moreover, they also showed antimicrobial and anticancer characteristics (Zhao et al. 2011). The levels of metabolites changed under stress conditions and produced hemiterpenoid compounds responsible for mitigating stresses. Ward et al. (2011) reported the isoprenoid pathway in Arabidopsis in leaves, which was diverted to hemiterpenoids. Such compounds are induced by root wounding or oxidative stress while being weakly induced by potassium deficiency. However, other stresses such as osmotic, cold, or saline stress did not induce compounds production. Nutrient deficiency stress has an impact on metabolism as well as hemiterpenoid glycosides production in leaves as compared with scopolin and conifer productions in roots. Sulfur deficiency in crops also affects secondary metabolites production and results in a reduction in the synthesis of glucosinolates (Kusano et al. 2011) and induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Glucuronosyl–diacylglycerol reportedly reduced stress metabolites under phosphorus-deficient stress (Okazaki et al. 2013), which could be used as lipidomics function genomics (Okazaki et al. 2013). Modern research predicted that a significant number of natural products are produced by microbes and supposed that endo-microbiome (plant–microbe) is involved directly or indirectly in producing phytochemicals. On the other hand, the only subset of potential microbial strains was qualified as phyto-therapeutic properties (Chandra et al. 2012) while their contribution toward known bioactivity of medicinal plants is not clear yet. Bioactive compounds released by the host plants and the microorganisms that produce those compounds with therapeutic properties are shown in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 Bioactive compounds that are released by host plants and the microorganisms involved in the production of therapeutic properties.

Bioactive compound	Therapeutic properties	Host plant	Producing microorganism	References
Cochliodinol	Antibacterial, antimycotic, anticancer	Salvia officinalis	Chaetomium sp.	Debbab et al. (2009)
Botryorhodines	Antimycotic, anticancer	Bidens pilosa	Botryosphaeria rhodina	Abdou et al. (2010)
Phomol	Antiphlogistic, antibacterial	Erythrina crista-galli	Phomopsis sp.	Weber et al. (2004)
Podophyllotoxin	Anticancer, antiphlogistic	Podophyllum hexandrum, Juniperus communis	Alternaria sp., Aspergillus fumigatus	Yang et al. (2003)
Camptothecin	Anticancer, antiviral (HIV)	Nothapodytes foetida, Camptotheca acuminate	Entrophospora infrequens, Fusarium solani	Puri et al. (2005)
Maytansine	Anticancer	Putterlickia verrucosa	Actinosynnema pretiosum	Wings et al. (2013)
Rohitukine	Antiphlogistic, anticancer	Dysoxylum binectariferum	Fusarium proliferatum	Mohana Kumara et al. (2012)
Munumbicins	Antibacterial, antimycotic	Kennedia nigriscans	Streptomyces sp.	Castillo et al. (2002)
Kakadumycins	Antibacterial, antiplasmodial	Grevillea pteridifolia	Streptomyces sp.	Castillo et al. (2003)
Coronamycins	Antimycotic, antiplasmodial	Monstera sp.	Streptomyces sp.	Ezra et al. (2004)