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Currently, various advanced sensors are utilized in different industries such as logistics, agriculture, rail and traffic control, and shipping. The principal objective for adoption of smart sensors is to enhance systems quality, reliability, and precision [207]. Despite advancement of smart sensors, their implementation in Industry 4.0 is generally limited by noise and signal attenuation. There are two principal measures for adopting smart sensors in Industry 4.0:

 Interoperation and interconnection: Smart sensors are of multi-vendor nature, and their interoperability is necessary, particularly for crucial sensors metadata such as timestamp, validity of data, sensor’s geo-location, and device status. Thus, it is essential to ensure their integrity and compatibility with current and emerging IIoT systems. New standards for smart sensors provide effective configurations, integrations, and improved calibration [208, 209]. Similarly, interconnections between multiple smart sensors and communication technologies hamper interoperation and lead to system complexity and deficiency. Ultimately, successful deployment should be contingent on legacy ecosystems, and strong implementation plans are required based on the business, industry, and circumstances. To achieve this, some advanced technologies provide solutions for nonsafety applications [210].

 Security and trust: An important criterion for smarts sensors adoption in industrial applications is trust and security. The notion of trusting a sensor and its performance is important, particularly for control and safety applications. Therefore, both sensors and communication protocols that collect sensory data should be secure, trusted, accurate, calibrated, reliable, and timely.

There are trade-offs with respect to smart sensors selection such as complexity, ease of deployment, cost, and maintenance. To facilitate deploying smart sensors, the concept of sensing as a service is a possible solution where equipment, data capture, and management are leased or offered to assist in using smart sensors; however, full control over the sensor features will be compromised as a drawback [211].