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In 1957, the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) was created in the United States to lead a small number of projects aimed at ensuring scientific and technical predominance over the Russians. Making up this organization was some of the United States’ most valued scientists.

In 1967, Lawrence G. Roberts, who had recently chaired the ARPA computer network project, presented these scenarios for the ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork). Meanwhile, that same year, Donald Davies and Robert Scantlebury of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the United Kingdom announced the design of a packet-switching network.