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In the case of a one-tier application, the three layers are connected and run on the same device: it is a centralized architecture. In this situation, users access applications running on the primary server (the mainframe) through passive terminals, which are slaves. The primary server handles all processing, in addition to the presentation that is easily relayed back onto client devices.

Figure 1.6. Architecture of an application on a central server

Table 1.2. Benefits and disadvantages of one-tier architecture

Benefits	Disadvantages
Meets the needs of a single user Easy to deploy	Mainframe overload Maintenance is difficult