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U.S. EPA regulations concerning stationary sources are found under Title 40 Subchapter C of the Code. Newly constructed sources are required to meet New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), which are given in Part 60 of Title 40 (expressed as 40 CFR 60). Each source category, such as the electric utilities, municipal incinerators, or cement plants, is assigned a Subpart letter (Subpart Da, Eb, and F, respectively) by which it is referred to in the CFR (U.S. EPA 2020a).

The rules prepared by this office affect newly constructed sources. A “new source” is defined as one constructed after the date the rules are first proposed in the Federal Register. An “existing source” is a source constructed before that date. Rules for existing sources are given by the individual states, usually in facility operating permits, with federal guidance and approval. The Part 60 Subparts address primarily new sources, but also include subparts that provide guidance to the states to develop rules for existing sources. When meeting the federal guidance requirements, the rules for specific source categories can be incorporated into the State Implementation Plan (SIP) (U.S. EPA 2020b). Source categories required to install CEM systems under NSPS are given in Table 2‐1.

Figure 2‐3 U.S. Rulemaking requiring CEM systems.

Table 2‐1 shows the depth of CEM applications in U.S. industry and power production, but it should also be viewed as a guide to the Part 60 Subparts. The table gives applicability dates that distinguish “existing” sources from “new” and modified or reconstructed sources. The table lists those source categories required to monitor the concentration of gaseous pollutants, flue gas opacity, and/or particulate matter (PM). The table also lists the types of operational units on which a CEM system is to be installed. For example, Subpart BB for Kraft pulp mills may require monitoring on a number of devices, such as the recovery furnace, lime kiln, and digester contained within the plant. Sources such as the electric utilities or municipal waste combustors may have multiple boilers or combustors, all of which may require monitoring.

Note that most of the “effective dates” are old, and one might consider that “new” sources first affected by this program are now “old.” When Part 60 source requirements prove to be inadequate, new subparts are added to address newer “new” sources. This is the case for Subparts D and Da for electric utilities, Subparts Ea and Eb for municipal waste combustors, and Subparts J and Ja for petroleum refineries. The newer rules become more proscriptive and often require the installation of CEM systems not required in earlier subparts. Both new and existing stationary sources can be further regulated through programs such as the acid rain program of 40 CFR 75 and the air toxics program of 40 CFR 63, in addition to state permit requirements. Each of these programs can impose additional monitoring requirements.

TABLE 2‐1 Summary of New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) 40 CFR 60 CEM Requirements for Sources with Effective Dates 1971–1990

Source: Data from U.S. EPA (2020b).

Source Category	Part 60 Subpart	Affected Units	Effective Datea,b	CEM Requirementsc	CFR Monitoring Reference
Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators (HMIWI)	Ce SIP Guidelines	Combustor	6/20/96 3/16/98b	CO	60.37e
Fossil‐fuel‐fired steam generators	D	Boilers > 73 MW	8/17/71a ,b	SO2, NOx, CO O2 or CO2 Opacity (PM CEMS option)	60.45
Electric utility steam‐generating unitsd	Da	Boilers > 73 MW	9/18/78a ,b 2/28/05a ,b (IGCC)	SO2, NOx, CO O2 or CO2 Opacity PM CEMS (Options for PMCPMS, Bag Leak Detector)	60.49Da
Industrial‐commercial‐ institutional steam‐generating units	Db	Boilers >29 MW < 73 MW	6/19/84a ,b	SO2, NOx, CO O2 or CO2 Opacity (PM CEMS Option)	60.46b 60.47b 60.48b
Small industrial‐commercial‐institutional steam‐generating units	Dc	Boilers > 2.9 MW <29 MW	6/9/89a	SO2 Opacity	60.46c 60.47c
Municipal waste combustors	Ea	Combustor	12/20/89	Opacity SO2, NOx, CO	69.56a
Municipal waste combustors	Eb	Combustor	9/20/94 6/19/96b	Opacity SO2, NOx, CO (Options for PM HCl, Hg, D/F)	60.58b
Portland cement plants	F	Kiln and clinker cooler	8/17/71	Opacity	60.63
HNO3 plants	G	Process equipment	8/17/71	NOx	60.73
HNO3 plants	Ga	Process equipment	10/14/11b	NOx	60.73a
H2SO4 plants	H	Process equipment	8/17/71	SO2 O2, CO2	60.84
Petroleum refineries	J	Catalytic cracker Fuel gas combustor Claus recovery plants	6/11/73	Opacity, SO2, O2, CO SO2 or H2S TRS or SO2 O2	60.105
Petroleum refineries	Ja	Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units Sulfur Recovery Units Fuel Gas Combustion Process Heaters	5/14/07	PM, Opacity BLD CO, CO2, O2 SO2, NOx SO2, TRS, H2S O2 SO2 or H2S O2 NOx,O2	60.106a 60.106b 60.107a
Primary copper smelters	P	Roaster/Smelter Cu convertor Dryer	10/16/74	SO2 Opacity	60.165
Primary zinc smelters	Q	Sintering machine	10/16/74	Opacity SO2	60.175
Primary lead smelters	R	Blast/Reverberatory furnaces Sintering machine	10/16/74	Opacity Opacity SO2	60.185
Ferroalloy production facilities	Z	Submerged electric arc furnaces	10/21/74	Opacity	60.264
Steel plants	AA	Electric arc furnaces	Constructed between 10/21/74 and 8/17/83	Opacity	60.273
Steel plants	AAa	Electric arc furnaces	8/7/83	Opacity	60.273a
Kraft pulp mills	BB	Recovery furnace Lime kiln Digester Brown stock washer Evaporator:oxidation andstripper system	9/24/76	Opacity, TRSe	60.284
Glass manufacturing plants	CC	Glass melting furnace	6/15/79	Opacity	60.293
Stationary gas turbines	GG	10 MBtu	Constructed between 10/3/77 to 7/8/04	Option: NOx, O2/CO2	60.334
Lime manufacturing facilities	HH	Rotary lime kiln	5/3/77	Opacity, or scrubber Δp & supply P	60.343
Phosphate rock plants	NN	Dryer and calciner grinder	9/21/79	Opacity Opacity	60.403
Tire manufacturing industry	BBB		1/20/83	VOCd	60.544
Polymer industry	DDD	Carbon adsorbers	Constructed between 9/30/87 – 11/10/89	VOCd	60.563
Flexible vinyl and urethane coating and printing	FFF	Solvent recovery controls Exhaust hoods	1/18/83	VOCd	60.584
Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI)	III	Air oxidation process controls Absorbers, condensers, carbon adsorbers	10/21/83	VOCd	69.615 60.613
Onshore natural gas processing	LLL	Sweetening units	Constructed between 1/20/84 and 8/23/11	TRS, SO2 Velocity	60.646
SOCMI	NNN	Distillation operations	12/30/83	VOCd	60.663
Nonmetallic mineral processing plants	OOO	Baghouses	4/22/08	Particulate Matter	60.674
Petroleum refinery wastewater systems	QQQ	Carbon adsorbers	5/4/87	VOC	60.694 60.695
SOCMI reactor processes	RRR	Absorbers Condensers Adsorbers	6/29/90	VOCd	60.703
Magnetic tape coating	SSS	Carbon adsorbers	1/22/86	VOCd	60.714
Mineral industries	UUU	Calciners and dryers	4/23/86	Opacity	60.734
Polymeric coating	VVV	Carbon adsorbers	4/30/87	VOCd	60.774

^a NSPS applies if construction commenced after this date.

^b NSPS applies if modification or reconstruction commenced after this date.

^c CEM requirements are as applicable when meeting the conditions of the subpart.

^d Rule applies if constructed before this date

^e Organic monitoring device based on IP, photoionization, or thermal conductivity.

Not listed in the table are operational units or smaller sources that instead of installing CEM systems may alternatively be required to monitor process parameters such as pressure drops, temperatures, or fuel flow rates. Regulatory relief is applied to smaller sources where it can be a burden to purchase, operate, and maintain a CEM system. Here, the less stringent parameter monitoring requirements for low‐emitting sources may not be especially significant when considering their relatively smaller contribution to the atmospheric pollution burden.

The subparts tend to be complex. Accordingly, they should be referred to for detailed information concerning units of the emissions standards, monitoring requirements, reporting requirements, and exceptions.