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James A. Jahnke
Continuous Emission Monitoring
Читать книгу Continuous Emission Monitoring - James A. Jahnke - Страница 1
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Страница 1
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
CONTINUOUS EMISSION MONITORING
Страница 8
Страница 9
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CEM SYSTEMS
A BRIEF HISTORY
TYPES OF MONITORING SYSTEMS
Extractive Systems
In‐Situ Systems
Remote Sensors
Parameter Monitoring Systems
Analytical Techniques Used in CEM System Instrumentation
Data Acquisition and Handling Systems
THE ROLE OF QUALITY ASSURANCE
APPLICATION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 2 CEM REGULATIONS
IMPLEMENTING RULES IN THE UNITED STATES
U.S. Federal Implementing Rules
New Source Performance Standards, 40 CFR 60
General Provisions for the NSPS Subparts
NESHAP, 40 CFR 61
The Air Toxics Program, 40 CFR 63
Compliance Assurance Monitoring (CAM) 40 CFR 64
Acid Rain Program (40 CFR 75)
Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (40 CFR 98)
Office of Solid Waste CEM Requirements (40 CFR 266)
Sewage Sludge Incineration (40 CFR 503)
State Programs and Federal Programs Administered by the States
State Implementation Plan Requirements (40 CFR 5l)
40 CFR Part 62 – Federal Requirements for Existing Units Not Covered by a State Plan
40 CFR Part 70 – Title V Operating Permits
Federal Programs Delegated to the States
Part 96 Cross‐State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR)
The NOx Budget Program (NBP)
The Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR)
The Cross‐State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR)
Other Cap‐and‐Trade Programs
Discretionary Programs
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
QUALITY ASSURANCE REQUIREMENTS
Part 60 Quality Assurance Procedures
Other U.S. QA Procedures
The Role of Calibration Gases
INTERNATIONAL RULES
Canada
Europe
Asia
Latin America*
Mexico
Chile
Peru
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Ecuador
Developing a National Continuous Emission Monitoring Program
ENFORCEMENT POLICIES AND CEM SYSTEMS
Compliance Indicating Systems – Using CEM Systems for Reporting Excess Emissions
Enforcement Levels
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Compliance Monitoring Systems – Using CEM Systems for Direct Compliance
COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE MONITORING AND THE CREDIBLE EVIDENCE RULE
Periodic Monitoring
Epilogue
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 EXTRACTIVE SYSTEM DESIGN
SOURCE‐LEVEL EXTRACTIVE SYSTEMS
Hot/Wet Systems
Cool/Dry Systems with Conditioning
Sample Probes
Umbilical Line
Calibration Gas System and Cylinder Gas Pressure Regulators
Moisture Removal Methods
Thermoelectric Coolers.
Compressor Gas Coolers.
NafionTM Dryers.
Pollutant Losses in Condensation Systems.
Miscellaneous Drying Techniques.
Sample Pumps
Fine Filters
Assembling a Cool/Dry Extractive System
CLOSE‐COUPLED SYSTEMS
DILUTION EXTRACTIVE SYSTEMS
Dilution Probes
Dilution Air Cleanup Systems
External Dilution Systems (Probes)
Cross‐Piece Fitting Design.
Modular Block Design.
The STI Probe.
Enhancing the Operation of Dilution Systems
Empirical Corrections.
Pressure Correction Equation.
Temperature Correction Equation.
Molecular Weight Correction Equation.
Combined Corrections.
Theoretical Corrections.
Other Correction Methods.
Dilution Extractive Systems: Wet or Dry Measurement?
SAMPLING INTERFACE/MONITOR CALIBRATION
EXTRACTIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES
MINI‐SYSTEMS
MODULAR SAMPLING SYSTEMS
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION TO THE ANALYTICAL METHODS
THE PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
The Wave Nature of Light
Absorption of Light by Molecules
The Beer–Lambert Law
LIGHT SCATTERING BY PARTICLES
Rayleigh Scattering:
r
/λ ≤ 1
Mie Scattering:
r
/λ = 1
Geometric Optics:
r
/λ ≥ 1
Opacity and Transmittance
Bouguer's Law
COMPONENTS OF A SPECTROMETER: BUILDING AN INSTRUMENT
Radiation Sources
UV Light Sources.
Visible Light Sources.
Broadband Infrared Light Sources.
Light Emitting Diodes.
Tunable Diode Lasers.
Quantum Cascade Lasers.
Interband Cascade Lasers.
Wavelength Selection
Optical Filters.
Diffraction Gratings.
Prisms.
Detectors
Multipath Gas Cells
White Cells.
Herriott Cells.
CRDS and ICOS.
Optical Components
Constructing a Spectrophotometer
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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