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One would expect that because it has been over fifty years since the proposal of CEM systems for monitoring industrial emissions in North America and Europe, the accumulated knowledge on monitoring systems could be readily adapted to developing CEM programs in other countries. Unfortunately, all too often, the implementing rules come first and the certification and quality assurance criteria are either left ambiguous or are to be developed later. Figure 2‐1 emphasizes in all clarity that if the benefits from CEM technology are to be realized, the technology must be supported by clear implementing rules, accreditation/certification standards, and implemented quality assurance procedures. Failure to incorporate any of these three elements can make installed systems eventually fail to work or produce corrupted data lacking credibility. However, even if the three elements are extant, the enforcement of the rules (the subject of the next section) has been found necessary if CEM data are to be credible.

The CEM rules, protocols, and guidance documents developed in the past 50 years by the United States, Canada, and Europe can be used as resources for those environmental control agencies setting up their own monitoring programs, Also, standards and specifications available from ASTM International, the International Standards Organization (ISO), and the European Union (EU) Committee for Standardization (CEN) can be easily referenced without having to repeat the lengthy standardization processes that led to their publication. A number of CEM guidance manuals on CEM systems and regulations are referenced in the bibliography of this chapter and are readily available on the Internet.