| WONDERS OF ELECTRICITY |
| I. At the Dawn of the Century:—Earliest Observations on Electricity—Study of Amber—Earliest Electric Machines—Conduction of Electricity—The Leyden Jar—Franklin’s Discoveries. II. New Nineteenth Century Electricity:—Galvanism—The Voltaic Pile—Davy’s Arc-light—The Electro-magnet—Faraday’s Discoveries—The Induction Coil—Fields of Force. III. The Telegraph:—First Successful Telegraphy—The Morse System—Improvements in Telegraphy—Ocean Telegraphy. IV. Hello! Hello!—Invention of the Telephone—Principle of the Telephone—Transmitter and Receiver—Uses of the Telephone—The Phonograph, Gramophone, and Graphophone. V. Dynamo and Motor:—The First Motor—Perfection of the Dynamo—How it generates Electricity—Principle and Uses of the Motor. VI. “And there was Light:”—Various Lights of the Past—Era of Electric Lighting—Arc and Incandescent Lamps—Principles of Each—Value of Electric Light. VII. Electric Locomotion:—Passing of the Horse and Traction Car—Introduction of the Trolley—Features of the Electric Railway—The Storage Battery and Horseless Carriage. VIII. The X Ray:—Discovery of—What the X Ray is—Photographing by Means of the X Ray. IX. Other Electrical Wonders:—Electric Clocks—Electrotyping and Electroplating, etc. X. Electrical Language | 19–54 |
| THE CENTURY’S NAVAL PROGRESS |
| I. Influence of Sea Power:—Sea Powers throughout the World—Enumeration of Great Naval Wars. II. The Century’s Growth in Naval Strength:—American Navies at Different Eras—European Fleets—South American and Chinese Navies. III. The Battleship Past and Present:—The Old Fighting Frigate—Evolution of the Modern Man-of-War—Comparison of Frigate with Ironclad. IV. Progress of Naval Engineering:—Nelson’s Vision—The 14,500 Miles Steaming of the Oregon—Revolution in Mechanism and Material—Types of Great Battleships—Introduction and Advantages of Steam—Invention of the Screw Propeller—Improvement in Boilers and Engines—The Revolving Turret—Cruiser and Torpedo Craft—Phenomenal Speed. V. The Growth of Ordnance:—Description of Various Guns and Projectiles—Power of Modern Explosives. VI. The Development of Armor:—Its Necessity in Naval Warfare—How it is made, tested, and put on. VII. The Ram and Torpedo:—Evolution of the Ram—Introduction of the Torpedo—Various Kinds of Torpedoes. VIII. The United States Fleet:—Whence it sprang and how it has grown—Its Ships, Officers, and Men—Official Naval Ranks—The Naval Academy—Passage of the United States to a World Power | 55–86 |
| ASTRONOMY DURING THE CENTURY |
| I. Astronomy a Century ago:—Discovery of Uranus. II. How “Bode’s Law” promoted Research:—Further Discovery of Planets—Celestial Photography. III. How Neptune was found:—Le Verrier, “First Astronomer of the Age.” IV. Meteorites:—Meteoric Showers—Various Large Meteorites. V. Do Meteors often strike the Earth:—The “Fire-ball” of 1860. VI. Astronomical Observatories:—Their Equipment and Work—Number of Observatories. VII. Improved Instruments:—Their Effect on the Science. VIII. The Spectroscope:—Its Triumphs—Elements discovered. IX. Work in a Large Observatory:—Discovery of Comets and Nebulæ. X. Washington National Observatory:—Its Instruments. XI. Star Maps and Catalogues:—Number of Stars—The Planisphere. XII. Astronomical Books and Writers:—Number of Students of Astronomy. XIII. Practical Uses of Astronomy:—Its Help in Navigation—Uses in Geodesy. XIV. Notable Astronomical Epochs:—Clock Regulation—Invention of Chronograph and Spectroscope—Great Telescopes. XV. Discarded Theories:—Are Planets inhabited—The Orrery. XVI. Future Astronomical Problems:—How long will the Sun endure? | 87–104 |
| STORY OF PLANT AND FLOWER |
| Early History of Botany—The Father of Modern Botany—Botany at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century—Natural System of Classification—Advance in Study of Plant Behavior—Illustrations from the Peanut and Grape-vine—Plant Motions as regards Forms—Origin and Development of Plant Life—The Doctrine of Evolution—Nutrition of Plants—Fertilization of Flowers—Insectivorous and Cruel Plants—Vegetable Physiology—Advance in Relation to Cryptogamic Plants—Geographical Botany—Herbariums and Botanical Gardens | 105–114 |
| PROGRESS OF WOMEN WITHIN THE CENTURY |
| Woman’s Misconception of her Rights—Former Oppression—Cosmic and Moral Processes—What Christianity has done for Women—Hardship of the Pauline Grip—The True Mission of Woman—Improvement in her Education—Female Occupations—Competition with Men—Woman in the Literary Field—In Philanthropy and Morals—Women’s Clubs—Woman in Politics—The constantly Broadening Field of Woman’s Influence | 115–124 |
| THE CENTURY’S TEXTILE PROGRESS |
| Antiquity of Textile Industry—The Distaff, Spindle, and Loom among Chinese, Egyptians, and Greeks—Introduction of the Spinning-wheel—Loom of the Eighteenth Century—The Fly-shuttle—Textiles at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century—Invention of the Spinning Jenny—Arkwright’s Drawing-rollers—Whitney’s Cotton-gin—Its Influence—Invention of the Spinning-mule—The Spinning-frame—Rapid Improvements in Spinning Machinery—Evolution of the Spindle—Increase of Speed—Introduction of the Carding-machine—Carding-combs—Advent of Power-looms—Description of their Machinery and Products—The Jacquard Loom—Of Pile Fabrics—The Bigelow Loom—How Tufted Pile Fabrics are made—Weaving of Fancy Cloths—Various Forms of Looms—Hair-cloth Looms—Weaving of Tubular Fabrics—Infinitude of Uses to which the Loom can be put—The Coming Automatic Loom—Advent of the Knitting-machine—Its Wonderful Perfection and Products—The Century’s Patents of Textile Machinery—Beauty of Textile Art—Its Influence on Taste and Comfort | 125–146 |
| THE CENTURY’S RELIGIOUS PROGRESS |
| Religious Status in Eighteenth Century, in England, France, and on the Continent—Condition in the United States—The Reign of Skepticism—Doctrinal Divisions in the Churches—The Nineteenth Century Revival—Variety and Growth of Religions in the United States—Freedom of the Church—Kinship of Denominations—Increase in Material and Spiritual Forces—Church Edifices and Capacities—Religious Population—Number of Communicants—Distribution of Communicants—Ministers and Organizations—Missionary Enterprises—Service of Religion in Education, Philanthropy, and Reform—Gifts to Educational Institutions—Growth of Charitable Institutions—Religion and Republican Institutions | 147–158 |
| GREAT GROWTH OF LIBRARIES |
| Antiquity of Libraries—Evidences of Civilized Progress—Character of Ancient Writings—Books of Clay—Mesopotamian Literature—Egyptian Hieroglyphics—Papyrus Manuscripts—Sacred Books of Thoth—Greek Libraries—Their Number and Extent—Roman Libraries—Imperial Library of Constantinople—Effects of Christianity upon Literature—Church Book-making and Collecting—All Books written or copied by Priests—Fate of Monastic Libraries—Early Libraries in France—Royal Libraries in Europe—The French National Library—Introduction of Copyright—Growth and Extent of European Libraries—Their Location and Management—The British Museum—Libraries of Great Britain—Canadian Libraries—English Colonial Libraries—Libraries of the Latin Republics—Phenomenal Growth of Libraries in the United States—Wide Ramification of the System—The Oldest United States Library—Colonial Libraries—Libraries of 1800—Number founded during the Century—State Libraries—School-district Libraries—Library Systems—The Library of Congress—Its Vast Extent and New Repository—Copyright System—United States Free Libraries—Noted Libraries of the Country—Libraries of over 100,000 Volumes—Munificence of Library Founders—Noted Givers to Libraries—Progress in Library Management | 159–170 |
| PROGRESS OF THE CENTURY IN ARCHITECTURE |
| English Architecture at the Beginning of the Century—The Queen Anne Style—French Architecture and Architects—Architectural Styles in Germany, Austria, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and throughout Europe—Canadian Styles and Notable Buildings—Early Architecture in the United States—Old New England and Southern Homes—The Colonial Styles—The White House and United States Capitol—Progress in Public Building Architecture—Notable Changes after the War of 1812—The Gothic Cottage and Italian Villa—The First School of Architecture—Comparison of Styles in Different Cities—Introduction of Iron—Styles for Hotels and Summer Resorts—Effect of Chicago and Boston Fires on Architecture—How the Centennial Exposition changed Styles—Church and Library Architecture—The Congressional Library and Other Notable Specimens of American Architecture—Advent of the Sky-scraper—General Review of Architectural Effects—Monumental Works the Poetry of Architecture | 171–190 |
| THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY |
| Status of Chemical Science at Beginning of the Century—The Century’s Main Lines of Progress: I. Inorganic and Physical Chemistry:—Lavoisier’s Cardinal Propositions—Rapid Advance of Chemical Science—Sir Humphrey Davy’s Achievements—Elementary Bodies of Eighteenth Century—Same in Nineteenth Century. II. Physical Chemistry:—Properties of Elements—Of Matter and Energy—Rates of Reaction—Conditions of Equilibrium. III. Organic Chemistry:—Of Carbon Compounds—Theory of Substitution—Atoms in the Molecule—Space Relations—The Carbon Atom—The Organic Body. IV. Analytical Chemistry:—Development of the Blow-pipe—Gas Analysis—Electricity as a Factor—Discovery of Spectrum Analysis. V. Synthetical Chemistry:—Building up of Complex Forms—Synthesis of Coloring Matters and Sugars—Future Food of Man. VI. Metallurgical Chemistry:—Oldest Branch of Chemical Science—Reduction of Ores—Advantage to Agriculture. VII. Agricultural Chemistry:—Utilization of Fertilizers—Nitrogen as a Plant Food—Advantages to Practical Agriculture. VIII. Graphic Chemistry:—Fundamental Principles—Daguerreotype and Photograph. IX. Didactic Chemistry:—The Student and the Laboratory—Advantages of Laboratory Training. X. Chemistry of Fermentation:—Bacterial Action—Process of Digestion—Decay of Meats and Vegetables—Sterilization—Fermentation. XI. Electro-Chemistry:—Combination of Carbon with Metals—Uses of Electricity in Chemistry. Conclusion. | 191–206 |
| THE CENTURY’S MUSIC AND DRAMA |
| I. Eighteenth Century Music:—Leading Composers—Nineteenth Century Music—The Great Composers and their Works—Different Schools and Styles of Composition—Analysis of Operas—Musical Characteristics of the Nations—Verdi and Wagner compared—The American Opera. II. The Drama:—The Theatre of the Past—Great Modern Improvement—Scenery and Appointments—Actors and Actresses—The Century’s Illustrious Role—Theatres in the United States—Character of Actors—Public Estimation of the Drama | 207–214 |
| THE CENTURY’S LITERATURE |
| Contrast with Eighteenth Century Literature—Tone of Modern Literature—How it types Progress—English Literature—Literature of Other Nations—Various Authors—English Criticism of American Literature—Newspaper Literature—Evolution of the Newspaper—Newspapers of the Nations—Nineteenth Century Journalism—Beginning of Newspaper Enterprise in the United States—Colonial Papers—Papers of the Revolution—Appearance of the Daily—The Penny Press—Newspaper Growth up to 1861—War Journalism—The Sunday Newspaper—Illustrated Journalism—Reaction in Newspaper Prices—Cost of running a Newspaper—Number of World’s Newspapers—The Comic Paper—Evolution of the Magazine—Growth of Magazine in the United States—Character of Magazine Literature—Advent of the Cheap Magazine—Features of Publication | 215–230 |
| THE RECORDS OF THE PAST |
| Extension of Knowledge into the Past—Spade of the Archæologist—General View of the Revelations—Documents of Stone, Clay, and Papyrus—Assyrian Revelations—Egyptian Explorations—Eloquence of Obelisk, Tomb, and Pyramid—Cuneiform Scripts of Babylon—Discovery of the Rosetta Stone—Champollion’s Key—Story of the Ruins in Greece and Rome—Revelation of Temples and Statues—Phœnician Remains—The Moabite Stone—Ruins in Palestine—Revelations in Jerusalem—Hittite Remains—Continuing Interest in Archæological Discovery—Vast Importance from an Historic Point of View | 231–244 |
| PROGRESS IN DAIRY FARMING |
| Requisites for Successful Dairying—Enterprise of Dairying Districts—Advantages of Dairying—Dairying Areas—Dairying at the Beginning of the Century—Early Methods—The Great Change midway of the Century—Improvement in Milch Cows—Growth of Cheese-Making—Institution of Creameries—Application of Mechanics to Dairying—Dairy Associations—Best Dairy Breeds—Invention of the Separator—Its Operation and Advantages—The Fat-test for Milk—Growth in Butter-making Illustrated—Labor in Dairying—Dairy and Food Commissions—Dairying Publications—City Milk Supplies—Annual Production of Cheese—Character of Cheeses—Annual Butter Product—Butter and Cheese-producing States—Number and Value of Cows—Dairy Values as compared with Value of Other Products—Necessity for guarding Dairy Interests. | 245–260 |
| THE CENTURY’S MORAL PROGRESS |
| Morals among the Ancients—Moral Precepts common to all Communities—Evolution of Ethics—Early Christian Morals—Spirit of the Reformation—Low Moral Condition of the Eighteenth Century—Birth of a New Moral Epoch—A National Conscience—Abolition of Slavery—Larger Application of the Principles of Right and Justice—How Women are affected—Effect of Invention and Education on Social and Moral Conditions—Broadening of Woman’s Sphere—Increase of Self-respect—Influence of Women on Moral Status—Legislation and Morals—How to meet Ethical Problems—Business Success and the Moral State—Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor—Cruelties of War and Blessings of Peace—The Century’s Moral Gain—Changed Treatment of Vice and Poverty—The Principle of Well-doing—Growth of Tolerance and Altruism—A Higher Individual and Public Conscience | 261–270 |
| PROGRESS OF SANITARY SCIENCE |
| Hygienic Code of Moses—Hippocrates and Disease—Sanitation and Sanitary Science—Foundation Rules—Spirit of Scientific Investigation—Effect of Act of Parliament of 1837—Value of Official Figures—The Riddle of Samson—Health Reports in United States—Duty of Separate States—Mortality in London of Filth Diseases—Progress of Sanitation—Diminution of Scourges—Effect of Sanitation upon the Weak and Helpless—Value of Culture Tubes—Discovery of Disease Causes—Of Trichinæ in Pork—Communicable Diseases caused by Living Organisms—Infectious and Contagious Diseases—Uses of Biology in Sanitary Science—Purification of Waters—Of Consumption and Cholera—Effects of Filtration—What Bacteria are—Of Isolation and Disinfection—Modern Quarantines—Fumigation of Ships—Lowering of Death Rates—Influence of the Sanitarium—Improved Construction of Dwellings—Care for Paving and Sewage—Disposal of Refuse—Of Food Inspection—State Boards of Health—Care of Employees—Of Play and Athletic Grounds—Public Breathing Spaces—Duty of Caring for Personal Health—Bearing of Public Health on Community and Nation | 271–282 |
| THE CENTURY’S ARMIES AND ARMS |
| Armies and Arms of the Eighteenth Century—Alteration in War Methods—European Army Systems—Changes made by Napoleon—Battle Weapons and Tactical Movements—Growing Use of Cannon—The Congreve Rocket—Infantry Formations—The Introduction of the Rifle—The Crimean War and Rifled Siege Guns—The Italian War and Rifled Cannon—Advent of the Breech-loader—Introduction of Heavy Guns—Arms and Tactics in the Civil War—Use of Steam and Electricity in War—Advantage of Railroad and Telegraph—Introduction of Armored Vessels—Siege Artillery—Advent of the Machine Gun—New System of Entrenchment—German Military System—Coming of the Needle Gun—French Military System—Comparison of Russian and Turkish Methods—Strength of the World’s Armies—United States Army Organization—Steel Guns and Smokeless Powder—Improvement in Mortars—The Dynamite Gun—Modern Shrapnel—Sea-Coast Guns—Perfection of Modern Rifles—Their Great Range and Power—The Gatling Gun—The Maxim Automatic—Introduction of the Torpedo—General Review of the Increase in Military Efficiency | 283–306 |
| THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURE |
| I. Vicissitudes of Early Farming:—First National Road—Canal Building—Coming of Railroads—Farming Conditions before the 50’s—Hardships of Marketing. II. Improvements in Farm Implements and Machinery:—Farmers’ Draft upon Nature—The Sickle, Flail, and Cradle—Coming of Harvesters—Improvement in Threshers—Portable and Traction Engines—Separators and Stackers—Improvements in Other Implements. III. Improvement in Stock:—Various Breeds of Cattle—Breeding of Horses, Sheep, and Swine—Best Breeds. IV. Improvement in Farming Methods:—In Drainage—Care of Animals—Barns and Stabling—Proper Food Rations—Fencing. V. Home Improvements:—Home Architecture—The Yard and Garden—Maintaining Soil Fertility—Proper Manures—Soil Analysis—Use of Modern Fertilizers. VI. Improvement in Agricultural Knowledge:—Agricultural Literature—Farmers’ Clubs and Institutes—Granges—Agricultural Colleges—Experimental Stations—The Department of Agriculture—Bureau of Animal Industry—Agricultural Newspapers and Periodicals—Summary of Agricultural Progress | 307–338 |
| PROGRESS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING |
| I. An Introductory View:—Antiquity of Engineering—Ancient Roads and Bridges—Nineteenth Century Advances. II. Bridges:—Primitive Bridges—Iron and Steel Bridges—The Brooklyn Bridge—Niagara Suspension Bridge—Pecos River Viaduct—The Forth Bridge—Remarkable Arches—Stone Bridges. III. Caissons:—Invention of the Caisson—Its Principle and Use—Caisson Adventures. IV. Canals:—The First Suez Canal—Nicaragua and Panama Canals—Modern Suez Canal—The Manchester Canal—Chicago Drainage Canal—What it is for. V. Geodesy:—Ancient Methods of Earth Measurements—The Century’s Advance in Methods of Measurement. VI. Railroads:—Their Invention and Development—Immense Value. VII. Tunnels:—Ancient Origin of—Tunnels of Egypt, Babylonia, and India—Roman Tunnels—Of the Modern Tunnel—Advance in Machinery and Constructive Processes—Mount Cenis Tunnel—Tunnel Surveying and Excavating—The Hoosac Tunnel—St. Gothard Tunnel—St. Clair Tunnel—Its Construction and Commercial Effects | 339–360 |
| THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN THE ANIMAL WORLD |
| I. Of Animal Diseases:—Effect of Napoleonic Wars—Various Animal Diseases—How controlled. II. Increase in Number of Animals:—Showing in Europe, United States, and Other Countries. III. Improvement of Breeds:—Shortening the Time of Growth—Development of Dairy and Beef Breeds—Improvement in Wool Growing—Poultry Breeds—Thoroughbred Horses—The American Trotter—Animal Exports—Foreign Animal Imports—Displacement of Horses by Mechanical Motors—Prices of Animal Products—American Command of World’s Animal Markets | 361–374 |
| LEADING WARS OF THE CENTURY |
| I. Wars of the United States:—First War with Barbary States—Indian Wars—War of 1812—Battles by Land and Sea—Exploits on the Lakes—Victory of New Orleans—Second War with Barbary States—The Mexican War—General Taylor’s Victories—Siege of Vera Cruz—General Scott’s March and Battles—Capture of Mexico—Results of the War—The Civil War, 1861–65—Secession of States—Calling out the Armies—Building of the Navies—The First Battles—Operations in 1862—Battles of 1863—The Emancipation Proclamation—The Turning Point at Gettysburg—Opening of the Mississippi—Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge—Battles of 1864—Appomattox and Surrender—The Spanish-American War—Its Causes—Destruction of Spanish Fleet in Manila Bay—Destruction of Cervera’s Fleet—Capitulation of Santiago—Invasion of Porto Rico. II. Foreign Wars:—Wars of Napoleon—Battle of Marengo—Treaty of Amiens—Third Coalition against France—Battle of Austerlitz—Nelson’s Victory at Trafalgar—Wars of the Fourth Coalition—Wars of the Fifth Coalition—Wars of the Sixth Coalition—Battle of Waterloo—Final Defeat of Napoleon—Greek Wars for Independence—Battle of Navarino—Greek Independence—French Revolution of 1830—Polish Insurrection—England’s Wars in India—French Republic of 1848—Hungarian Wars for Independence—Italian Wars—The Crimean War—Sebastopol and Balaklava—Peace of Paris—The Indian Mutiny—Wars of the Alliance against Austria—Battle of Solferino—Danish Wars—Wars for German Unity—Verdict of Sadowa—The Franco-Prussian War—Siege and Capture of Paris—The French Republic—The Turco-Russian War—Chino-Japanese War—Greco-Turkish War—Interference of the Powers—Wars in the Soudan—Review of the Century’s Martial Results | 375–420 |
| THE CENTURY’S FAIRS AND EXPOSITIONS |
| The Primitive Fair—Growth and Influence of Fairs—Their History in Different Countries—Of Agricultural Fairs, Societies, and Institutes—Their Origin and Purpose—National and State Agricultural Departments—Sanitary Fairs—Special Exhibitions—Evolution of International Expositions—The First World’s Exposition at London—Expositions at Dublin, Paris, New York—Continental Expositions—Second and Third Expositions at London and Paris—The Vienna Exposition—The Centennial at Philadelphia—Description of Subsequent Expositions at Atlanta, Louisville, New Orleans, Chicago, Nashville, and Omaha—The American Commercial Museums | 421–442 |
| THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN COINAGE, CURRENCY, AND BANKING |
| I. Banks and Banking Resources:—Banks as Gauges of Wealth—Civilization reflected in Monetary Machinery—Features of United States Financial Policy—Gold Store of Various Countries—Banking Resources—Number and Resources of Banks. II. Coinage and Production of Precious Metals:—Why Gold is a Standard—Primitive Measures of Value—History of Coinage—First United States Mint—Coin Ratios—Gold and Silver Production and Mintage—Exports and Imports of Precious Metals—Circulation per Capita—Coinage Act of 1873. III. Early Banking in the United States:—First Banking Associations—First United States Bank and its Branches—Early State Banks—Second United States Bank—How it fell—State Banks and Independent Treasury. IV. History of Legal Tender Notes:—The Treasury Reserve—Treasury Notes—Manner of Issue and Redemption. V. The National Banking System:—Formation of National Banks—Law’s and Regulations—Number and Circulation. VI. Foreign Banking and Finance:—Banks of England and the Continent of Europe—Their Strength and Methods. VII. United States Government Debt since 1857:—Gross Receipts and Expenditures—Interest Charges. VIII. Postal Savings Banks:—Why they are not adopted in the United States. IX. Savings Banks in the United States:—Their Number and Strength. X. The Clearing House:—How conducted—Its Economic Uses. XI. Panics of the Century and Their Causes | 443–470 |
| THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN FRUIT CULTURE |
| Early Cultivation of Fruits—Beauty and Uses of Fruits—Fruits brought to the New World—Culture at the Beginning of the Century—Early Fruit Districts—The Experimental Stage—Pioneers in Culture—The Age of Progress—First Commercial Orchards—The Age of Triumph—Spread of Culture in Various States and Areas—Revolution in Science of Fruit Growing—Success and Failure of Different Species—Vine Culture—Improved Culture with Implements—Home Consumption and Export of Fruits—Our Fruits a Favorite in Europe—Apple Culture—Uses of Apples—Typical Orchards—Notable Varieties—Extent of Apple Orchards—Apple Exports—Progress in the Culture of Other Fruits—Varieties and Best Soils—History and Progress of Berry Culture—The Citrous Fruits—Where and how grown—Their Great Value to Man—General Review of Fruit Culture and Fruits | 471–490 |
| THE CENTURY’S COMMERCIAL PROGRESS |
| I. World’s Commerce at End of Eighteenth Century:—Methods of Traffic—Volume of Trade. II. Revolution in Commerce:—Change from Sails to Steam—First Ocean Steamers—Steamship Lines—Change from Wood to Iron—The Compound Engine—Advent of Steel Vessels—The Twin Screw—Immense Size of Ships—Their Great Velocity—Appointment and Service. III. Improvement in Commercial Auxiliaries:—Betterment of Waterways—Ship Canals—Harbor Improvements—Cable and Banking Facilities. IV. Expansion of International Trade:—European Commercial Growth—Food Importations. V. Trade of the United States:—Extent of Domestic and Foreign—Vast Extension—Imports and Exports—Character of. VI. The American Marine:—Former Carrying Trade—Modern Carrying Trade—Decline of United States Maritime Importance. VII. American Shipbuilding. VIII. Causes for the Century’s Commercial Progress:—Economic, Political, and Social Causes. IX. The Twentieth Century Prospect | 491–514 |
| EDUCATION DURING THE CENTURY |
| Education a Hundred Years ago—Pestalozzi’s Influence—Froebel’s Kindergarten System—Its Introduction into the United States—English and German Schools—Great European Teachers—Foundation of Public School Systems in the United States—The Battles for Public Schools—Immensity of Common School Systems—Number of Schools and Pupils—Expenditure for Schools—Primitive Schoolhouses—Old-time Teachers and Methods—The Modern Schoolhouse—Improvements in Teachers and Methods—Of the High School—College and University—Teachers’ Institutes—State Associations—School Publications—National Bureau of Education—Normal Schools—Teachers’ Salaries—Girls’ Seminaries—Change to Female Teachers—Modern School Furnishings—Text-books—University Courses of Lectures—Schools of Manual Training and Business—Education of the Negro Race—Experiment of Booker T. Washington—School Funds—Compulsory Education | 515–542 |
| “THE ART PRESERVATIVE” |
| I. The Printing Press:—Printing Art in the Eighteenth Century—Franklin’s Influence—The Hand Press—Various Improved Presses—Coming of the Power Press—Order of the Countries in Printing Progress—Impetus to Printing in the United States—Wonderful Improvement in Presses—How a Swift-motioned Press operates—Quadruple Presses—Printing, Folding, and Pasting—Counting and Delivering—The Sextuple Press—Its Wonderful Achievements—Color Printing Presses. II. The Setting of Type:—The Art at the Beginning of the Century—Dawn of Mechanical Composition—First Type-setting Machines—The Linotype—How it sets Type. III. Other Events in the Printing Line:—Old Methods of spreading News—Modern Electric Methods—Cables and Overland Wires—Vast Extent of Newspapers—Code Systems. IV. Type-making, Stereotyping, and Picture-making:—From Wood to Metal Type—Introduction of the Type Foundry—The Stereotyping Process—How it preserves Type—Introduction of Electrotyping—Its Advantages in Printing—Disappearance of Wood Engraving—The Art of Illustration—Triumph of Mechanical Processes in Printing—Tendency of the Future | 543–570 |
| PROGRESS IN MINES AND MINING |
| Search for American Mines—Progress of Mining prior to 1800—Methods at Beginning of the Century—Coal Mining Methods—Hoisting and Ventilation—Introduction of Steam—European and South American Mines—Mining in the United States—Opening of Mines—Various Working Appliances—Invention of Davy’s Safety Lamp—The Safety Fuse—Mine Elevators—Mining at the Middle of the Century—Gold and Copper Mines of United States—Uses of Man Engine—Hoisting Machines—Pumping Engines—Introduction of Machine and Dynamite—Uses of Compressed Air—Mine Ventilation—Improved Fans—Coal-cutting Machines—Placer and Hydraulic Mining for Gold—The Timbering of Mines—Lake Superior Iron Mining—Room Mining—Rise of Mining Schools and Societies—Mining Laws in England and United States—Unwise Action of Congress—Mining Claims and Rights—Miners’ Qualifications | 571–586 |
| ART PROGRESS OF THE CENTURY |
| I. Painting:—Effect of the French Revolution on Fine Art—Rapid Advance of French Art—Artists and their Works—Revolution of 1830—English Art and Artists—Landscape Art—Millet’s “Angelus”—The Landseer Family—Ruskin’s Influence on English Art—Edwin Abbey as a Colorist—Works of Rosa Bonheur—Later English Masters—Continental Artists—American Masters—Rise of American Art Schools—Their Influence on Art—Some Distinguished Schools—Era of Excessive Coloring—American Landscapes—Women Artists of America—Their Style and Influence—Scandinavian Artists—Modern Art in Scotland—Masterpieces in European Galleries—Masters of Current Art in America—Some of their Great Works. II. Sculpture:—Old World Sculptors at Beginning of Century—Centres of the Art—Advance in Different Countries—Masterpieces—American Sculpture—Notable Artists and their Works—Characteristics of Sculptors—Effect of the Columbian Exposition—Names and Works of Modern Sculptors | 587–614 |
| THE CENTURY’S ADVANCE IN SURGERY |
| Surgery at the Dawn of the Century—Methods in Early Part of the Century—Discovery of Anæsthesia—Its Great Advantages—Antiseptic Surgery—Healing by First Intent—Setting of Fractures—Modern Treatment of Bone Diseases—Of Amputations—Control of Hemorrhages—Advance in Wound Treatment—Surgery of the Alimentary Canal—Stomach Surgery—Kidney and Bladder Surgery—Hernia or Rupture—Of Diseases of Female Organs—Modern Brain Surgery—Its Wonderful Advance—Astounding Operations—The Röntgen or X Rays—Their Value in Surgery—General Review of Surgical Progress | 615–630 |
| PROGRESS OF MEDICINE |
| Early Medical Science—Progress to Beginning of Nineteenth Century—Famous Ancient Physicians—Noted Schools of Medicine—Medical Charlatans—Evolution of Medical Remedies—Important Changes in Treatment—First American Schools of Medicine—Advance in Materia Medica—Growth of Medical Associations—Medical Literature—High Standard of Modern Medical Education—Students and Colleges—Tendency to Special Practice—Great Importance of Modern Medical Discoveries—Use of Anæsthetics in Medicine—Advance in Physiology and Anatomy—Importance of Trained Nurses—Review of Medical Progress | 631–642 |
| EVOLUTION OF THE RAILWAY |
| First Railways—Vast Development—Uses of Railways—Importance to Farmers and Producers—Various Railway Systems—Government Ownership and Operation—Mileage of Railways—The World’s Great Railways—Methods of building and operating Railways in Different Countries—Bridge Structures—Use of Steel Rails—Railway Signals—The Block System—Single and Double Tracks—First Steam Locomotives—Weight and Power of Modern Locomotives—The Old-fashioned Passenger Car—Luxury of the Modern Palace Car—Improvement in Freight Cars—The Modern Air-brake—Advance in Train Equipment and Service—Rates of Speed—Railway Mail Service—Passenger and Freight Rates—Railway as compared with Water Transportation—Railway Labor—Relief Associations and Insurance—Mountain Railways—Rapid Transit—Military Railways—Portable and Ship Railways | 643–664 |
| ADVANCE IN LAW AND JUSTICE |
| Progress in International Law—Its Subdivisions—Law-making Bodies—Powers and Duties of Legislators—Courts of Justice—Duties of Judges—Of Jurors—Of Civil Procedure—Codification of Laws—Criminal Jurisprudence—Punishments for Crimes—Capital Punishment—Police Powers—Rights of Married Women under Law—Laws regarding Parents and Children—Transfer of Real Estate—Copyright Laws—Their Effect on Publication—Admiralty Laws—Of Seamen and Shipping—Advance in Corporation Laws—Laws relating to Religion—Of Religious Freedom—General Review of Legal Progress | 665–676 |
| EVOLUTION OF BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS |
| I. General Principles:—Objects and Uses of Building Associations—Explanation of the System—The Various Plans of Operation—Loan Series—Maturity and Payment of Shares—Cost of Shares and Loans—Early History of These Associations—Their Character abroad—History of American Associations—The First Founded—Eulogies of Building Societies—Vast Membership and Capital—Management in Respective States—Amounts returned to Members—Teachers of Practical Thrift—Value of One’s Own Home—Comfort for Those of Modest Means—Makers of Better Citizens—Duties of Officers and Members—Responsibility of Members—Size and Cost of Houses usually built—Typical Houses—The Social Features of Building Societies | 677–690 |
| EPOCH-MAKERS OF THE CENTURY |
| Statesmen, Orators, and Jurists—Great Generals—Naval Heroes—Noted Preachers and Teachers—Eminent Historians—Distinguished Editors—Noted Scientists—Leading Philanthropists—Famous Inventors—Popular Novelists—Greatest Poets—Best Actors and Lyric Dramatists | 691–720 |
