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Figures and Tables

Figures

1 Appearance of the terms “mass communication” and “media effects” in books in English (as a % of total)

2 Number of studies appearing in Web of Science focused on “narrative persuasion,” by year

3 Number of communication studies appearing in Web of Science focused on “framing,” by year

4 Percentage of light, medium, and heavy viewers saying we are not spending enough on crime

5 Survey responses to the question “It’s better for the man to work and the woman to stay home” (% strongly disagreeing)

6 Percentage of female and male characters in network TV series, 1967–2015

7 Percentage of female TV characters, compared to responses on survey item, “It’s better for the man to work and the woman to stay home” (% strongly disagreeing)

8 Representation of whites and blacks in US network TV shows

9 Percentage of black characters on network TV, and % saying that we are not spending enough as a nation to improve conditions for black citizens

10 Example of mainstreaming; percentage of people that think crime is a “personal problem,” by TV viewership and income

Tables

1 Aspects of message system analysis

2 LGBT characters in national television, as a percentage of all characters