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The proposed model retains three concepts; “Data, Information, Knowledge” which make it possible to define the global concept of economic intelligence by highlighting the central place of “Information”. This global concept leads to the decision-making and the cycle of Strategic Business Intelligence. This work was presented for the first time on 19 April 2005 at the CCI of Montpellier during “Des Matins De La Cité”.

The explosion of a phenomenal amount of data, the need to analyze and visualize it, brings to the forefront the well-known hierarchical model: “Data, Information and Knowledge”. This model is often exploited in the literature on information and knowledge management. Several studies claim that the first appearance of the hierarchy of knowledge can be found in T.S. Elliot's poem “The Rock” in 1934. The poem contained the following lines:

– Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge?

– Where is the knowledge we have lost in information?

In recent literature, several authors cite R.L. Ackoff's 1989 publication “From data to wisdom” as a source of the hierarchy of knowledge. Indeed, this hierarchical model highlights three words: “Data”, “Information”, “Knowledge”¹. The relationship between these three words can be represented in the schematic form below, where knowledge takes the highest place to emphasize the fact that a lot of data is needed to acquire knowledge.

Figure 1.1. The three concepts (source: Monino and Lucato 2005)