Читать книгу Transfusion Medicine - Jeffrey McCullough - Страница 16

The accumulating experiences began to make it clear that transfusions should be performed only between members of the same species. However, even within species, transfusions could sometimes be associated with severe complications. Because of this, and despite the experiences during the Civil War, few transfusions were carried out during the last half of the 1800s. The discovery of blood groups by Landsteiner [11] opened a new wave of transfusion activity. It had been known that the blood of some individuals caused agglutination of the red cells of others, but the significance of this was not appreciated until Landsteiner [11] in 1900 reported his studies of 22 individuals in his laboratory. He showed that the reactions of different combinations of cells and sera formed patterns and these patterns indicated three blood groups [11]. He named these blood groups A, B, and C (which later became group O). Apparently, none of the staff of Landsteiner’s laboratory had the less common group AB, but soon this blood group was reported by the Austrian investigators Decastello and Sturli [1]. Soon thereafter, several other nomenclature systems were proposed, and the American Medical Association convened a committee of experts who recommended a numerical nomenclature system [12] that never gained widespread use [11]. Others later demonstrated that the blood groups were inherited as independent Mendelian dominants, and that the phenotypes were determined by three allelic genes. Hektoen [13] of Chicago first advocated the use of blood grouping to select donors and recipients and to carry out transfusion, but it was Ottenberg [14] who put the theory into practice. These activities are the basis for the widely held belief that blood banking in the United States had its origins in Chicago.