Читать книгу Ferroic Materials for Smart Systems - Jiyan Dai - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 AI beats human chess player.Figure 1.2 A cross‐bar structure of synapse and artificial neuron networks bas...Figure 1.3 (a) Photo of a remote control copter and (b) diagram of a PID feedb...Figure 1.4 FEM simulations of three resonant motions in a PZT‐based gyroscope ...Figure 1.5 Diagram showing coupling between different moduli and the clarifica...Figure 1.6 Piezoelectric materials‐based sonar system for car (a) and submarin...Figure 1.7 (a) Transducers and (b) B‐mode image of a wire phantom acquired wit...Figure 1.8 Illustration of concept of a ultrasonic transducer‐based fingerprin...Figure 1.9 A photo of an infrared detector (a) and illustration of its interna...Figure 1.10 Schematic diagram of field‐effect transistor (FET) and the current...Figure 1.11 Schematic diagram of spin valve structure where arrows indicate th...Figure 1.12 Outline of ME device from Virginia Tech and schematic of the cross...Figure 1.13 Phase transition between high temperature austenite phase and low ...Figure 1.14 (a) Brace of orthodontia using shape memory alloys and (b) arthrod...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Typical P–E loop from a ferroelectric crystal. Insets illustrate do...Figure 2.2 Schematic diagram showing the origin of the electric polarization.Figure 2.3 Relationships of the piezoelectric, ferroelectric, pyroelectric, an...Figure 2.4 Illustration of crystal structure symmetry breaking‐induced ferroel...Figure 2.5 Starting from the original cubic structure (a), if (b) is stabilize...Figure 2.6 In situ Raman spectra of BaTiO₃ particles measured at different tem...Figure 2.7 (a) Free energy, (b) dielectric constant and spontaneous polarizati...Figure 2.8 (a) Free energy, (b) dielectric constant and spontaneous polarizati...Figure 2.9 (a) Ferroelectric domain structure in BaTiO₃ and (b) cloverleaf dom...Figure 2.10 Illustration of polarization switching by electric field and mecha...Figure 2.11 Illustration of BaTiO₃ structures at different temperatures showin...Figure 2.12 Dielectric constant of SrTiO₃ single crystal as a function of temp...Figure 2.13 Lattice constant of (Ba_xSr_1−x)TiO₃ (both bulk and films) as ...Figure 2.14 The phase transition behavior (the dielectric constant as a functi...Figure 2.15 Bias field dependence of (Ba_xSr_1−x)TiO₃ dielectric constant ...Figure 2.16 (a) Perovskite structure of PbTiO₃ in the cubic form above T_c and ...Figure 2.17 (a) Typical P–E loop of antiferroelectric and (b) structure ...Figure 2.18 The typical electric displacement verses electric field (D–EFigure 2.19 PZT phase diagram. The crossover between M_B and M_A structures is m...Figure 2.20 (a) Frequency‐dependent relative permittivity and (b) P–E lo...Figure 2.21 Polar mechanisms in relaxor ferroelectric materials as postulated ...Figure 2.22 Piezoresponse force images of various compositions of (001)‐orient...Figure 2.23 SEM image of laminate structure of PMN‐0.35PT crystal (courtesy of...Figure 2.24 Phase diagram of PMN‐xPT.Figure 2.25 The polarization vectors in pseudocubic perovskite unit cell. The ...Figure 2.26 Schematic illustration of the mechanism of the reversible domain s...Figure 2.27 Two‐dimensional simulation of the structural transformation from c...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 (a) FeRAM device and structural diagram (1T1C) made by Fujitsu, whe...Figure 3.2 Illustration of surface charges generated in a ferroelectric layer ...Figure 3.3 (a) Diagram of the 1T FeRAM based on a field‐effect transistor with...Figure 3.4 Energy band diagram of a ferroelectric tunnel junction. Polarizatio...Figure 3.5 (a) Illustration and (b) voltage dependence of the current density ...Figure 3.6 Out‐of‐plane PFM (a) phase and (b) amplitude measurements on Au/Co/...Figure 3.7 (a) Schematic drawings of the metal/ferroelectric/semiconductor str...Figure 3.8 (a) Tunneling resistance with varying maximum (positive or negative...Figure 3.9 (a) Illustration of in‐plane strain effect and (b) the correspondin...Figure 3.10 Schematic setup of dynamic pyroelectric coefficient measurement sy...Figure 3.11 (a) Diagram of pyroelectric infrared sensor, (b) decreased polariz...Figure 3.12 (a) Basic structure and (b) circuit of a pyroelectric detector.Figure 3.13 Experimental setup for infrared sensor characterization.Figure 3.14 (a) A schematic view of the ferroelectric gate FET, (b) the workin...Figure 3.15 (a) Antenna devices with tunable BST layer acting as a distributed...Figure 3.16 Schematic illustration of the physical mechanism of the photovolta...Figure 3.17 The structure of polymer photovoltaic devices with FE interfacial ...Figure 3.18 Current density–voltage (J–V) curve of BNBT:Nb ceramics under dark...Figure 3.19 Principles of operation for a conventional solar cell and the ferr...Figure 3.20 (a) An illustration of the basic principle of the electrocaloric e...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 A modified Sawyer–Tower circuit for ferroelectric P–E loop me...Figure 4.2 Typical P–E loop from a PMN‐PT relaxor ferroelectric single crystal...Figure 4.3 (a) An ideal linear response of capacitor, (b) an ideal resistor re...Figure 4.4 Dielectric–temperature curve of (a) (Ba_xSr_1−x)TiO₃ where x va...Figure 4.5 Schematic diagram of piezoresponse force microscopy imaging mechani...Figure 4.6 (a) Our PFM phase image of a PZT grain in a PZT film showing ferroe...Figure 4.7 Our PFM out‐of‐plane phase hysteresis loop and amplitude butterfly ...Figure 4.8 Our PFM results from epitaxial BaTiO₃ thin films. (a) Amplitude and...Figure 4.9 (a) Illustration of four sectors of a photo‐detector in AFM. (b) Qu...Figure 4.10 Piezoresponse (a) OPP phase, (b) OPP amplitude, (c) IPP amplitude ...Figure 4.11 (a) The sample surface movement of out‐of‐plane polarization ANSYS...Figure 4.12 (a) The sample surface movement of in‐plane polarization ANSYS sim...Figure 4.13 Expected piezoresponse amplitude signals, and accompanying domain ...Figure 4.14 Schematics of dual frequency resonance tracking (DFRT) technique: ...Figure 4.15 Typical X‐ray θ–2θ scans of (a) BiFeO₃ and La:BiFeO₃ fil...Figure 4.16 Reciprocal space mapping of the M_A and M_C phases in PMN‐xPT crysta...Figure 4.17 (a) Low magnification TEM images of the KNN single crystal along 〈...Figure 4.18 SAED patterns of different zone axes of Bi_0.85Nd_0.15FeO₃ ceramics ...Figure 4.19 (a) Atomically resolved HAADF‐STEM images of 2 unit‐cell‐thick BiF...Figure 4.20 A series of TEM image of in situ observation of ferroelectric doma...Figure 4.21 (a) CBED pattern of the tetragonal phase of PbTiO₃ taken at room t...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Demonstration of ferroelectricity for a 1‐nm BaTiO₃ film grown on t...Figure 5.2 Illustrations of (top) top view and (bottom) side view along y dire...Figure 5.3 (a) Temperature dependence of polarization obtained from Monte Carl...Figure 5.4 (a) The stripe domain of a 1 unit cell SnTe film and (b) schematic ...Figure 5.5 Vortex structures in nature from flower (a) to snail (b), tornado (...Figure 5.6 PFM images of instantaneous domain configurations with out‐of‐plane...Figure 5.7 Exploring the phase boundary between (SrTiO₃)₁₀/(PbTiO₃)₁₀ superlat...Figure 5.8 (a) Schematic configurations of a single chiral skyrmion and (b) ra...Figure 5.9 Skyrmion structures with varying vorticity m and helicity γ. T...Figure 5.10 Ordinary ρ_xy, anomalous ρ_AHE and topological Hall resist...Figure 5.11 (A) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for FE domain swit...Figure 5.12 The structures of the two phases of DIPAB, α phase at 293 K and th...Figure 5.13 (a) The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant of the α...Figure 5.14 Illustration of fluorite oxide structure, large and small spheres ...Figure 5.15 A schematic for the structural origin of the ferroelectricity in p...Figure 5.16 The formation of the orthorhombic phase proceeds by transformation...Figure 5.17 Polarization measurement of metal–insulator–metal capacitor sample...Figure 5.18 P–E hysteresis loops for a thickness series of pure HfO₂ thin film...Figure 5.19 (a) Evolution of the ferroelectric remnant polarization during bip...Figure 5.20 Phase evolution model of the three different stages of the ferroel...Figure 5.21 (a) Cross‐sectional high‐angle annular dark field‐scanning transmi...Figure 5.22 (a) TEM image of Al:HfO₂/LSMO and (b) PFM amplitude and phase hyst...Figure 5.23 (a) Surface morphology of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ perovskite crystal showing st...Figure 5.24 (a) A discrete ferroelectric layer in between electron‐collection ...Figure 5.25 Ferroic domain patterns of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ crystals revealed by (a) SEM...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Direct and converse piezoelectric effects.Figure 6.2 Definition of directions for piezoelectric constants.Figure 6.3 Diagram showing the definitions of (a) d₃₃, (b) d₃₁, and (c) d₁₅.Figure 6.4 Diagram showing the definition (the relationship between the poling...Figure 6.5 Frequency‐dependent dielectric permittivity showing resonance and a...Figure 6.6 Equivalent electrical circuit of a piezoelectric resonator.Figure 6.7 Impedance‐frequency spectrum of a poled PMN–PT single crystal with Figure 6.8 Simplified equivalent circuit corresponding to the regions A–E in F...Figure 6.9 A long rod with the electric field parallel to its length.Figure 6.10 Electrical impedance and phase angle versus frequency spectra of a...Figure 6.11 A length‐expander plate with the electric field perpendicular to i...Figure 6.12 A shear plate with the electric field parallel to its thickness.Figure 6.13 A thin plate with the electric field parallel to its thickness.Figure 6.14 A thin disc with the electric field parallel to its thickness.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 The basic geometry of a single‐element ultrasonic transducer while ...Figure 7.2 KLM electrical equivalent circuit model for a piezoelectric transdu...Figure 7.3 (a) Setup of pulse‐echo measurement and (b) typical measurement res...Figure 7.4 Illustration of resolution definition ultrasound imaging, where −6 ...Figure 7.5 Different types of medical ultrasound transducers developed from ou...Figure 7.6 Simulation of motion on stator surface.Figure 7.7 (a) Schematic diagram of motion between stator and rotor and (b) ou...Figure 7.8 Nyquist diagram around its fundamental resonance and anti‐resonance...Figure 7.9 Bode diagram around its fundamental resonance and anti‐resonance fr...Figure 7.10 (a) Diagram of stator and (b) the PZT ring. The numbers indicate dFigure 7.11 Schematic diagram of SAW filters.Figure 7.12 Schematic diagram of Rayleigh wave.Figure 7.13 (a) Stereoscopic view of the ideal crystal stacking of LiNbO₃ alon...Figure 7.14 Detail information of S‐parameters.Figure 7.15 Schematic diagram of SAW device structure (LiNbO₃/Al₂O₃/diamond). ...Figure 7.16 Scattering parameters S₁₁ response of the SAW device fabricated on...Figure 7.17 Schematic procedures of the modified dice‐and‐fill method used for...Figure 7.18 Construction of the NBT–BT/epoxy 1–3 composite single‐element and ...Figure 7.19 (a) Pulse‐echo waveform and (b) frequency spectrum of a single arr...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Diagram showing the magnetic moment associated with (a) orbital mot...Figure 8.2 Illustration of time reversion symmetry breaking.Figure 8.3 Schematic densities of states (DOSs) for ferromagnetism: (a) strong...Figure 8.4 Illustration of magnetization versus temperature. Arrows inside the...Figure 8.5 Sketch of Landau free energy F(M) = αM2 + βM4...Figure 8.6 Sketch of Landau free energy F(M) = αM2 + βM4 − μ0HM...Figure 8.7 Domain structures in cubic (a) and hexagonal (b) structured ferroma...Figure 8.8 Domain wall structures of (a) Bloch‐type ferromagnetic domain walls...Figure 8.9 Schematic diagram of origin of the AMR effect, (a) high and (b) low...Figure 8.10 Magnetoresistance of Fe/Cr superlattice showing the change in the ...Figure 8.11 (a) Diagram showing the superlattice structure of ferromagnetic Fe...Figure 8.12 Hybrid probe: eddy current testing (ECT) coil with GMR sensor.Figure 8.13 Diagram of spin‐dependent TMR effect in parallel (left) and antipa...Figure 8.14 Diagram of (a) a conventional MRAM cell and (b) STT‐RAM cell memor...Figure 8.15 Terfenol‐D crystal orientation where [112] is the rod direction an...Figure 8.16 Illustration of the relationship among the spontaneous magnetostri...Figure 8.17 The magnetic (a) hysteresis loops and (b) magnetostrictive strain ...Figure 8.18 Schematic diagram of a magnetic field‐driven ultrasonic transducer...Figure 8.19 Schematic diagram of force sensor using Metglas core.Figure 8.20 (a) Schematic diagram of VSM system and M–H loops of two mag...Figure 8.21 Diagram of a DC SQUID.Figure 8.22 (a) Schematic diagram of MFM mechanism and (b) MFM image of a magn...Figure 8.23 Schematic illustration showing the optical experiment for observin...Figure 8.24 (a) Ordinary Hall effect and (b) anomalous Hall effect (AHE). B is...Figure 8.25 (a) Spin Hall effect and (b) inverse spin Hall effect, σ deno...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Illustration of multiferroics with expected P–H and M–EFigure 9.2 Relationship between ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics, multiferroics,...Figure 9.3 Ferroelectric hysteresis loops of epitaxial BFO thin films along di...Figure 9.4 (a) Crystal structure of rhombohedral BFO and its ferroelectric pol...Figure 9.5 Domain structures in BFO with (a) 71°, (b) 109°, and (c) 180° domai...Figure 9.6 (a) G‐type antiferromagnetic plane of BFO is perpendicular to the f...Figure 9.7 (a) original polarization, (b) after 71° rotation, (c) after 109° r...Figure 9.8 (a) Schematic diagram of the composite (t_p is the thickness of the ...Figure 9.9 (a) Photograph of a Metglas/PVDF laminate, (b) the unimorph, and (c...Figure 9.10 Temperature‐dependent magnetization in self‐assembled nanostructur...Figure 9.11 (a) Theoretical ME coupling effect in nano and bulk systems with 1...Figure 9.12 (a) Low‐magnification TEM images of 11‐layered PZT/CFO nanocomposi...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Various laminates operated in longitudinal vibration mode: L‐longi...Figure 10.2 Magnetoelastic–electric equivalent circuit at resonance.Figure 10.3 Schematic diagram of the ME laminate composite device with Terfeno...Figure 10.4 Schematic diagram of an automated ME measurement system.Figure 10.5 (a) Electrical impedance (Z) and phase angle (θ) spectra for ...Figure 10.6 V_ME (V₃ is the voltage across the piezoelectric plate) as a functi...Figure 10.7 Magnetoelectric voltage coefficient ME_V as a function of dc bias m...Figure 10.8 Schematic diagram of a stress‐biased PMN‐PT single crystal/Terfeno...Figure 10.9 Frequency dependence of ME_v as a function of preloading stress for...Figure 10.10 MERAM based on exchange‐bias coupling between a multiferroic that...Figure 10.11 Schematic, TEM image (inset) and voltage output of an ME read hea...Figure 10.12 Schematic illustration of artificial multiferroic tunnel junction...Figure 10.13 Schematic diagram of low‐field MFTJ.Figure 10.14 Electroresistance change of MFTJ at 40 K for 10 cycles. The corre...Figure 10.15 Magnetism of NiFe and LSMO showing the hysteresis loops.Figure 10.16 (a) Resistance changes with different magnetic fields at 8 K show...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1Figure 11.1 Ferroelastic hysteresis and atomic switching in Pb₃(PO₄Figure 11.2 (a) Austenite phase (B2) and (b) martensite lattice structure (B19...Figure 11.3 Lattice cell of NiTi and four martensite variants developed from o...Figure 11.4 A schematic diagram of a typical differential scanning calorimeter...Figure 11.5 Typical transformation–temperature curve of NiTi SMA under constan...Figure 11.6 Shape memory effect in a uniaxial SMA.Figure 11.7 Illustration of (a) one‐way and (b) two‐way memory effects.Figure 11.8 Stress–strain curve illustrating superelastic behavior of SMA when...Figure 11.9 Glasses made of shape memory alloy.Figure 11.10 Illustrations of Ni₂MnGa structured models: (a) 3D cubic structur...Figure 11.11 Schematic illustrations of (a) martensitic transformation and (b)...Figure 11.12 A typical twin variants with the 90° and the 180° magnetic domain...Figure 11.13 Schematic illustrations of a Ni–Mn–Ga single crystal under increa...Figure 11.14 MFIS dependence of applied magnetic field illustrates the change ...Figure 11.15 (a) Schematic diagram of the proposed heterostructure. (b) CME co...