Читать книгу The Invisible Woman - Joanne Belknap - Страница 69

Table 4.1 includes a gendered account of U.S. arrest (using UCR data) trends over a decade, from 2009 through 2018. Total females’ (women and girls’) and males’ (men and boys’) percentage changes over this time period are reported, as well as girls’ and boys’ (under the age of 18) percentage changes, separately. “Eyeballing” these data suggests that, consistent with most of the gender–crime gap research since the 1990s, gender convergence is the most common pattern. Again, keep in mind the limitations of UCR data and that almost all offending, measured by UCR data (arrests), were male-gender-related. Table 4.1 also indicates that 24 of 28 individual offense types, as well as the composite violent and property index crimes, were male-gender-related. Again, as shown in Table 4.1, gender convergence (the gender gap is closing) is the most frequently occurring gender–crime pattern. Analyses conducted to compare the gender changes over 10 years used a definition of “less than 5.0%” gender difference in the 10-year change to designate gender stability, whereas gender differences over 5.0% were identified as gender convergence or gender divergence.³ Rape arrest changes were not included in the 10-year change due to a legally changing definition, but the calculations were done for total arrests, violent index crimes, violent property crimes, individual index crimes, and all other offenses. Findings are as follows:

³ The author conducted the gender comparison of changes over 10 years to determine stability, convergence, or divergence. They are not shown here. Also, remember that rape definitions changed between 2009 and 2018 so could not be used for the 10-year change rate (see Table 4.1 footnotes).

 Consistently gender convergent (regardless of age group) (n = 14 offenses combined ages and 14 among youth): composite violent index crimes, murder/manslaughter, robbery, aggravated assault, other assaults, arson, vandalism, weapons carrying/possession, drug abuse violations, gambling, offenses against the family and children, drunkenness, non-traffic driving offenses, and suspicion

 Gender stable for combined ages (n = 10): total arrests, burglary, motor vehicle theft, stolen property, sex offenses (not rape or prostitution), DUI, liquor law violations, disorderly conduct, vagrancy, and curfew/loitering

 Gender stable among youth (n = 5): index property offenses, larceny-theft, embezzlement, liquor law violations, and curfew/loitering

 Gender divergent for combined ages (n = 5): index property offenses, larceny-theft, forgery/counterfeiting, fraud, and embezzlement

 Gender divergent among youth (n = 3): fraud and prostitution/commercialized vice