Читать книгу The Invisible Woman - Joanne Belknap - Страница 78

Findings from ethnographic studies of street crime reveal that women involved in street hustles are typically confined to low status, high risk, and low reward criminal opportunities.

—Becker and McCorkel (2011, P. 83)

The last chapter discussed the ways crime can be measured, the usefulness of various crime measures, and the assessment of gender patterns at one point in time and over time. This chapter reviews the existing research on the gendered nature of some specific offenses. It is important to remember not only the gendered differences in individuals’ lives that impact their offending (and responses to it by the criminal legal system, schools, families, and so on, which is addressed in Chapter 6) but also how intricately gender intersects with race/ethnicity, sexual identity, class, and other potentially stigmatizing and discriminatory factors (e.g., Conover-Williams, 2014; Panfil, 2017; Richie, 2012). For example, Conover-Williams’s (2014) extensive analysis of the Add Health data found that “sexual minority youth do indeed offend differently from their sexual majority peers, in terms of higher levels (prevalence and frequency) of offending than sexual majority youth; but, they largely participate in the same offenses as their peers, with a few exceptions” (p. 467). Although sexual minority status (SMS) youths “have similar levels of protective factors” as their sexual majority peers, similar to Belknap, Holsinger, and Little (2014), Conover-Williams found SMS youth have higher levels of risk factors for offending than their sexual majority peers, such as worse home and school experiences and higher levels of abuse victimization and homelessness.