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TESOL educators describe the ability of a learner to communicate in oral and written language as their proficiency. While people outside of the discipline may use the terms “fluent” and “fluency,” TESOL educators tend to use these terms in very specific instances. Most of the time, we use the term proficiency, because it allows us to show the degree to which a person is able to communicate. For example, Kenan is highly proficient in English. Kate is moderately proficient in French, and Steve is moderately proficient in French and minimally proficient in Russian.

Organizations such as the American Council of Teachers of Foreign Languages (ACTFL), World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA), and the Council of Europe (Common European Framework or CEFR) have developed scales to describe learners’ abilities in specific language skills (i.e., speaking, listening, reading, and writing) or in general.