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Symbols and abbreviations

Multiples and submultiples

Symbol	Name	Equivalent
E	exa	10¹⁸
P	peta	10¹⁵
T	tera	10¹²
G	giga	10⁹
M	mega	10⁶
k	kilo	10³
h	hecto	10²
da	deca	10¹
d	deci	10⁻¹
c	centi	10⁻²
m	milli	10⁻³
μ	micro	10⁻⁶
n	nano	10⁻⁹
p	pico	10⁻¹²

Symbols and abbreviations

Symbol	Description	Units
[–]	activity	mol kg⁻¹
(–)	concentration (see Box 4.1)	mol L⁻¹ or mg L⁻¹
A	area	m²
A	radionuclide activity
AE	actual evapotranspiration	mm
ASR	artificial storage and recovery
(aq)	aqueous species
atm	atmosphere (pressure)
B	barometric efficiency
BOD	biological oxygen demand	mg L⁻¹
Bq	becquerel (unit of radioactivity; 1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second)
b	aquifer thickness	m
2b	fracture aperture	m
C	Sediment loading efficiency
C	shape factor for determining k_i
C	specific moisture capacity of a soil	(m of water)⁻¹
C, c	concentration
°C	degrees Celsius (temperature)
CEC	cation exchange capacity	meq (100 g)⁻¹
CFC	chlorofluorocarbon
Ci	curie (older unit of radioactivity; 1 Ci = 3.7 × 10¹⁰ disintegrations per second)
COD	chemical oxygen demand	mg L⁻¹
D	hydraulic diffusivity	m² s⁻¹
D	hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient	m² s⁻¹
D*	molecular diffusion coefficient	m² s⁻¹
DIC	dissolved inorganic carbon	mg L⁻¹
DNAPL	dense, non‐aqueous phase liquid
DOC	dissolved organic carbon	mg L⁻¹
d	mean pore diameter	m
	hydraulic gradient
E ^o	standard electrode potential	V
EC	electrical conductivity	S cm⁻¹
Eh	redox potential	V
e	void ratio
e‐	electron
eq	chemical equivalent (see Box 4.1)	eq L⁻¹
F	Faraday constant (9.65 × 10⁴ C mol⁻¹)
F	Darcy–Weisbach friction factor
f _c	infiltration capacity	cm h⁻¹
f _t	infiltration rate	cm h⁻¹
f _oc	weight fraction organic carbon content
G	Gibbs free energy	kJ mol⁻¹
g	gravitational acceleration	m s⁻²
g	gram (mass)
(g)	gas
H	depth (head) of water measured at a flow gauging structure	m
H	enthalpy	kJ mol⁻¹
h	hydraulic head	m
I	ionic strength	mol L⁻¹
i	hydraulic gradient
IAEA	International Atomic Energy Agency
IAP	ion activity product	molⁿ L⁻ⁿ
J	joule (energy, quantity of heat)
K	equilibrium constant	molⁿ L⁻ⁿ
K (hydraulics)	hydraulic conductivity	m s⁻¹
K (temperature)	kelvin
K _d	partition or distribution coefficient	mL g⁻¹
K _f	fracture hydraulic conductivity	m s⁻¹
K _H	Henry’s law constant	Pa m³ mol⁻¹
K _oc	organic carbon‐water partition coefficient
K _ow	octanol‐water partition coefficient
K _s	selectivity coefficient
K _sp	solubility product	molⁿ L⁻ⁿ
k _i	intrinsic permeability	m²
L	litre (volume)
LNAPL	light, non‐aqueous phase liquid
l	length	m
MNA	monitored natural attenuation
m	mass	kg
mol	amount of substance (see Box 4.1)
n	an integer
n	roughness coefficient (Manning’s n)
n	porosity
n _e	effective porosity
P	Peclet number
P	precipitation amount	mm
P	pressure	Pa (or N m⁻²)
P	partial pressure	atm or Pa
P _A′ P_o	atmospheric pressure	atm or Pa
Pa	pascal (pressure)
P _w	porewater pressure	Pa or m of water
PAH	polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
PDB	Pee Dee Belemnite
PE	potential evapotranspiration	mm
p	−log₁₀
ppm	parts per million
Q	discharge	m³ s⁻¹
Q _f	fracture flow discharge	m³ s⁻¹
q	specific discharge or darcy velocity	m s⁻¹
R	hydraulic radius	m
R (R_d)	recharge (direct recharge)	mm a⁻¹
R	universal gas constant (8.314 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹)
RC	root constant	mm
R _d	retardation factor
R _e	Reynolds number
rem	roentgen equivalent man (older unit of dose equivalent; 1 rem = 0.01 Sv)
S	entropy	J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹
S	sorptivity of soil	cm (min)^−1/2
S	storativity
S	slope
S _p	specific retention
S _s	specific storage	s⁻¹
S _sp	specific surface area	m⁻¹
S _y	specific yield
SMD	soil moisture deficit	mm
STP	standard temperature and pressure of gases (0 °C, 1 atmosphere pressure)
Sv	sievert (unit of dose equivalent that accounts for the relative biological effects of different types of radiation; 1 Sv = 100 rem)
s	groundwater level drawdown	m
s	solubility	g (100 g)⁻¹ solvent
T	transmissivity	m² s⁻¹
T	absolute temperature	K
TDS	total dissolved solids	mg L⁻¹
TOC	total organic carbon	mg L⁻¹
t	time	s
t _1/2	radionuclide half‐life	s
V	volume	m³
V	volt (electrical potential)
V _s	volume of solid material	m³
VOC	volatile organic compound
V_SMOW	Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water
v	groundwater or river water velocity	m s⁻¹
	average linear velocity (groundwater)	m s⁻¹
	average linear contaminant velocity	m s⁻¹
	average linear water velocity	m s⁻¹
WHO	World Health Organization
WMO	World Meteorological Organization
WMWL	World Meteoric Water Line
W(u)	well function
w	width	m
ZFP	zero flux plane
z (hydraulics)	elevation	m
z (chemistry)	electrical charge

Greek symbols

Symbol	Description	Units
α	aquifer compressibility	m² N⁻¹ (or Pa⁻¹)
α	aquifer dispersivity	m
α	isotope fractionation factor
β	water compressibility	m² N⁻¹ (or Pa⁻¹)
γ (chemistry)	activity coefficient	kg mol⁻¹
γ (hydraulics)	specific weight	N
δ	stable isotope notation
δ−	partial negative charge
δ+	partial positive charge
θ	volumetric moisture content
λ	radionuclide decay constant	s⁻¹
μ	viscosity	N s m⁻²
μ/ρ	kinematic viscosity	m² s⁻¹
ρ	fluid density	kg m⁻³
ρ _b	bulk mass density	kg m⁻³
ρ _s	particle mass density	kg m⁻³
σ _e	effective stress	Pa (or N m⁻²)
σ _T	total stress	Pa (or N m⁻²)
T	total competing cation concentration	meq (100 g)⁻¹
∑	sum of
Φ	fluid potential (=h)	m
ψ	fluid pressure	m of water
ψ _a	air entry pressure	m of water
Ω	saturation index

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