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“Wellness is an active process through which people become aware of, and make choices toward, a more successful existence.” NWI

FIGURE 1.2 Six Dimensions of Wellness Model. ©1976 Bill Hettler, MD.

Source: Reprinted with permission from the National Wellness Institute, Inc. (2020).

The holistic character of wellness integrates the effects of frequent physical activity, sound dietary habits, self‐reliance, and determination but also self‐confidence, assertiveness, mental creativity, and inventiveness, along with the eagerness to share one's virtues with others. For optimal health, a person is expected to be physically able to fulfill everyday activities without disproportionate tiredness or stress. To this end, physical wellness can be achieved by the adaption of health‐promoting practices, such as regular physical activity, healthy dietary and sleeping habits, and the rejection of the detrimental ones (e.g., undue stress, excessive alcohol intake, and use of tobacco or other substances).

Occupational (or vocational) wellness pertains to the satisfaction gained in the workplace, in balance with personal life. Employment is associated with personal satisfaction and life enrichment comparable with someone's goals, values, and lifestyle, offering unique skills and talents that are meaningful and rewarding. Furthermore, being socially involved (i.e., social wellness) means being harmoniously related to other people and efficiently sustaining positive intimate bonds with family, friends, and colleagues. Emotional wellness refers to the trait of self‐consciousness and the state of being in harmony with oneself, as well as coping with life’s adversities and expressing one's feelings in a constructive way. Spiritual wellness delineates the state of living peacefully by achieving concordance between ethical principles and course of action in combination with creativity. In a similar way, intellectual wellness refers to the adeptness of being receptive to different views and perspectives, and constructively encompassing them in future decision‐making, not only on a personal level but also while interacting with the social environment in an attempt to improve it. In addition, the environmental dimension refers to the acknowledgment of the effect that people exert on their environmental surroundings (i.e., air, water, and land) and the adoption of such practices that sustain and preserve the environment. Finally, the term financial wellness refers to the sense of satisfaction when people manage to live within their means. This involves making the appropriate financial decisions, setting realistic goals, and preparing to meet their short‐ and long‐term needs.

The assessment of the various aspects of well‐being is subjective. It depends on the perceived views a person holds, rather than his or her actual abilities. For example, a person might have a very important job, but the perception and satisfaction might be negative, whereas another person with a less important job might be more satisfied with his or her work. Therefore, healthy thinking and positive outlook are essential features to ensure overall wellness.