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Inflammatory disease of the CNS can be classified as infectious (when caused by a known or suspected infectious agent) or immune-mediated (when the underlying aetiology is unknown and an immune-mediated process is suspected). A degree of CNS inflammation may occur also with brain neoplasia, infarction or trauma. This section will focus on infectious and presumed immune-mediated disorders. Inflammatory disease of the CNS may affect the brain parenchyma (encephalitis), the meninges (meningitis) and the spinal cord (myelitis). Inflammatory CNS disorders commonly affect young to middle-aged animals, although animals of any age and gender can be affected. Certain infectious disorders occur exclusively or predominately in certain geographic areas (Nghiem and Schatzberg, 2010). The majority of reported inflammatory CNS diseases in dogs and cats are outlined in Tables 5.3, 5.4, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.10 and 5.11. Additional information is provided in the text for selected disorders. The suggested references should be consulted for more detailed information on each disorder.