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Главная Авторы Luisa De Risio Canine and Feline Epilepsy

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Canine and Feline Epilepsy

Diagnosis and Management

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Canine and Feline Epilepsy

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Страница 1Страница 2 Canine and Feline Epilepsy Страница 4 Contents Preface 1 Pathophysiology of Seizure Activity The Electrical Basis of Nerve Cell Function Synaptic Transmission Synchronization Kindling and Epileptogenesis Ictogenesis Excitability arising from individual neurons Excitability arising from neuronal microenvironment The epileptic cell population Mechanisms of Interictal–Ictal Transition Nonsynaptic mechanisms Alterations in ionic microenvironment Active ion transport Presynaptic terminal bursting Ephaptic interaction Synaptic mechanisms Neurochemical Mechanisms Underlying Epilepsy GABA Glutamate Glutamate receptors AMPA NMDA Metabotropic receptors Glutamate transporters Targets for treatment The Veterinary Perspective Catecholamines Opioid peptides Inflammatory Mechanisms Underlying Epilepsy Do seizures cause inflammation? Does inflammation cause seizures? Does inflammation cause cell loss? Mechanistic insights Immune and anti-inflammatory therapies Disorders of Neuronal Migration and Seizures How Do Seizures Stop? Mechanisms acting at the level of single neurons Intracellular ion-activated potassium currents Transmembrane ion gradients Energy failure Mechanisms acting on a local network of neurons Glutamate depletion The intra- and extracellular environments Glial buffering of glutamate Increased GABA-ergic inhibition References 2 Pathophysiology of Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy Introduction Definition Risk Factors for Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy Genetic risk factors Clinical risk factors Pseudoresistance Mechanisms of Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy Drug-target hypothesis Multidrug transporter hypothesis Conclusion References 3 Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies in Human Medicine Classification of Seizures and Epilepsies in Veterinary Medicine Veterinary classification of seizures based on clinical manifestations Generalized-onset seizures Focal-onset seizures Veterinary classification of seizures and epilepsies based on underlying aetiology Reactive seizures Structural (symptomatic or secondary) epilepsy Probable symptomatic or cryptogenic epilepsy Idiopathic or primary epilepsy Precipitated seizures Reflex seizures References 4 Reactive Seizures Systemic Metabolic Disorders Causing Seizures Hypoglycaemia Overview Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Insulinoma Overview Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Hepatic encephalopathy Overview Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Renal-associated encephalopathy Overview Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Hyponatraemia Overview Clinical presentation Diagnostic investigation Management Hypernatraemia Overview Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Hypocalcaemia Overview Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Nutritional Disorders Causing Seizures Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency Overview Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Exogenous Toxic Disorders Causing Seizures Overview Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Decontamination Cutaneous absorbed toxins Gastrointestinal absorbed toxins Urinary excreted toxins Intravenous lipid emulsion infusion Insecticides Pyrethrin and pyrethroid (permethrin) Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Organophosphates and carbamates Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Chlorinated hydrocarbons Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Molluscicides Metaldehyde Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Rodenticides Strychnine Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Bromethalin Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Zinc phosphide Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Sodium monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Automotive Products Ethylene glycol Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Detergents and Disinfectants Hexachlorophene Overview Clinical presentation Management Prognosis Heavy Metals Lead Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Poisonous Plants Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Mycotoxins Penitrem A and roquefortine Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Animal-related Poisoning Toad Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Therapeutic Agents and Supplements Metronidazole Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Ivermectin and other macrocyclic lactones Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Levamisole Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Management Methylxanthines Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Amphetamine and amphetamine-like compounds Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis 5-Hydroxytryptophan Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis Guarana ( Paullinia cupana ) and ma huang ( Ephedra sinica ) Overview Mechanism of action Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Prognosis References 5 Structural Epilepsy Vascular Cerebrovascular accidents (ischaemic, haemorrhagic) Clinical signs Post-stroke seizures and epilepsy Diagnostic investigations Treatment Prognosis Inflammatory/infectious Clinical signs Encephalitis-related seizures and post-encephalitic epilepsy Diagnostic investigations Treatment Prognosis Canine distemper Clinical signs Diagnostic investigations Treatment Prognosis Feline infectious peritonitis Clinical signs Diagnostic investigations Treatment Prognosis Bacterial diseases of the CNS in dogs and cats Clinical signs Diagnostic investigations {buyButton}

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