Читать книгу Canine and Feline Epilepsy - Luisa De Risio - Страница 50

Aarli, J.A. (2000) Epilepsy and the immune system. Archives of Neurology 57, 1689–1692.

Akira, S., Takeda, K. and Kaisho, T. (2001) Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nature Immunology 2, 675–680.

Alger, B.E. and Nicoll, R.A. (1980) Epileptiform burst after hyperolarization: calcium-dependent potassium potential in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. Science 210, 1122–1124.

Allan, S.M. and Rothwell, N.J. (2001) Cytokines and acute neurodegeneration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2, 734–744.

Allan, S.M., Tyrell, P.J. and Rothwell, N.J. (2005) Interleukin-1 and neuronal injury. Nature Reviews Immunology 5, 629–640.

Allen, K.M. and Walsh, C.A. (1999) Genes that regulate neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex. Epilepsy Research 36, 143–154.

Angehagen, M., Ben-Menachem, E., Ronnback, L. and Hansson, E. (2003a) Novel mechanisms of action of three antiepileptic drugs, vigabatrin, tiagabine, and topiramate. Neurochemical Research 28, 333–340.

Angehagen, M., Ben-Menachem, E., Ronnback, L. and Hansson, E. (2003b) Topiramate protects against glutamate- and kainate-induced neurotoxicity in primary neuronal-astroglial cultures. Epilepsy Research 54, 63–71.

Aronica, E., Boer, K., Van Vliet, E.A., Redeker, S., Baayen, J.C., Spliet, W.G., Van Rijen, P.C., Troost, D., Da Silva, F.H., Wadman, W.J. and Gorter, J.A. (2007) Complement activation in experimental and human temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiology of Disease 26, 497–511.

Ayala, G.F. (1983) The paroxysmal depolarizing shift. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 124, 15–21.

Baker, B.J., Akhtar, L.N. and Benveniste, E.N. (2009) SOCS1 and SOCS3 in the control of CNS immunity. Trends in Immunology 30, 392–400.

Balosso, S., Ravizza, T., Perego, C., Peschon, J., Campbell, I.L., De Simoni, M.G. and Vezzani, A. (2005) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits seizures in mice via p75 receptors. Annals of Neurology 57, 804–812.

Banks, W.A. and Erickson, M.A. (2010) The blood-brain barrier and immune function and dysfunction. Neurobiology of Disease 37, 26–32.

Baram, T.Z. and Hatalski, C.G. (1998) Neuropeptide-mediated excitability: a key triggering mechanism for seizure generation in the developing brain. Trends in Neuroscience 21, 471–476.

Bartfai, T. and Schultzberg, M. (1993) Cytokines in neuronal cell types. Neurochemistry International 22, 435–444.

Bartfai, T., Sanchez-Alavez, M., Andell-Jonsson, S., Schultzberg, M., Vezzani, A., Danielsson, E. and Conti, B. (2007) Interleukin-1 system in CNS stress: seizures, fever, and neurotrauma. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1113, 173–177.

Benarroch, E.E. (2005) Neuron-astrocyte interactions: partnership for normal function and disease in the central nervous system. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 80, 1326–1338.

Bengzon, J., Okabe, S., Lindvall, O. and Mckay, R.D. (1999) Suppression of epileptogenesis by modification of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit composition. European Journal of Neuroscience 11, 916–922.

Bien, C.G., Urbach, H., Schramm, J., Soeder, B.M., Becker, A.J., Voltz, R., Vincent, A. and Elger, C.E. (2007) Limbic encephalitis as a precipitating event in adult-onset temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 69, 1236–1244.

Bikson, M., Hahn, P.J., Fox, J.E. and Jefferys, J.G. (2003) Depolarization block of neurons during maintenance of electrographic seizures. Journal of Neurophysiology 90, 2402–2408.

Blobe, G.C., Schiemann, W.P. and Lodish, H.F. (2000) Role of transforming growth factor beta in human disease. New England Journal of Medicine 342, 1350–1358.

Bordey, A. and Sontheimer, H. (1998) Properties of human glial cells associated with epileptic seizure foci. Epilepsy Research 32, 286–303.

Bragin, A., Penttonen, M. and Buzsaki, G. (1997) Termination of epileptic afterdischarge in the hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience 17, 2567–2579.

Buckmaster, P.S. and Dudek, F.E. (1997) Network properties of the dentate gyrus in epileptic rats with hilar neuron loss and granule cell axon reorganization. Journal of Neurophysiology 77, 2685–2696.

Campbell, I.L., Abraham, C.R., Masliah, E., Kemper, P., Inglis, J.D., Oldstone, M.B. and Mucke, L. (1993) Neurologic disease induced in transgenic mice by cerebral overexpression of interleukin 6. Proceedings of the National Academies of Science USA 90, 10061–10065.

Cavazos, J.E., Golarai, G. and Sutula, T.P. (1991) Mossy fiber synaptic reorganization induced by kindling: time course of development, progression, and permanence. Journal of Neuroscience 11, 2795–2803.

Chapman, A.G. (1998) Glutamate receptors in epilepsy. Progress in Brain Research 116, 371–383.

Chapman, A.G. (2000) Glutamate and epilepsy. Journal of Nutrition 130, 1043S–1045S.

Chapman, A.G., Elwes, R.D., Millan, M.H., Polkey, C.E. and Meldrum, B.S. (1996) Role of glutamate and aspartate in epileptogenesis; contribution of microdialysis studies in animal and man. Epilepsy Research Suppl. 12, 239–246.

Chen, J.W., Naylor, D.E. and Wasterlain, C.G. (2007) Advances in the pathophysiology of status epilepticus. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 115, 7–15.

Chen, L., Chan, Y.S. and Yung, W.H. (2004) GABA-B receptor activation in the rat globus pallidus potently suppresses pentylenetetrazol-induced tonic seizures. Journal of Biomedical Science 11, 457–464.

Chesler, M. and Kaila, K. (1992) Modulation of pH by neuronal activity. Trends in Neuroscience 15, 396–402.

Chesler, M. and Kraig, R.P. (1987) Intracellular pH of astrocytes increases rapidly with cortical stimulation. American Journal of Physiology 253, R666–670.

Chevassus-Au-Louis, N., Baraban, S.C., Gaiarsa, J.L. and Ben-Ari, Y. (1999) Cortical malformations and epilepsy: new insights from animal models. Epilepsia 40, 811–821.

Choi, J., Nordli, D.R., Jr, Alden, T.D., Dipatri, A., Jr, Laux, L., Kelley, K., Rosenow, J., Schuele, S.U., Rajaram, V. and Koh, S. (2009) Cellular injury and neuroinflammation in children with chronic intractable epilepsy. Journal of Neuroinflammation 6, 38.

Clausen, F., Hanell, A., Bjork, M., Hillered, L., Mir, A.K., Gram, H. and Marklund, N. (2009) Neutralization of interleukin-1beta modifies the inflammatory response and improves histological and cognitive outcome following traumatic brain injury in mice. European Journal of Neuroscience 30, 385–396.

Cohen, J.E. and Fields, R.D. (2004) Extracellular calcium depletion in synaptic transmission. Neuroscientist 10, 12–17.

Connors, B.W. and Cruikshank, S.J. (2007) Bypassing interneurons: inhibition in neocortex. Nature Neuroscience 10, 808–810.

Coulter, D.A. and DeLorenzo, R.J. (1999) Basic mechanisms of status epilepticus. Advances in Neurology 79, 725–733.

Crespel, A., Coubes, P., Rousset, M.C., Brana, C., Rougier, A., Rondouin, G., Bockaert, J., Baldy-Moulinier, M. and Lerner-Natoli, M. (2002) Inflammatory reactions in human medial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Brain Research 952, 159–169.

D’Hooge, R., Raes, A., Lebrun, P., Diltoer, M., Van Bogaert, P.P., Manil, J., Colin, F. and De Deyn, P.P. (1996) N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation by guanidinosuccinate but not by methylguanidine: behavioural and electrophysiological evidence. Neuropharmacology 35, 433–440.

De Curtis, M., Manfridi, A. and Biella, G. (1998) Activity-dependent pH shifts and periodic recurrence of spontaneous interictal spikes in a model of focal epileptogenesis. Journal of Neuroscience 18, 7543–7551.

De Deyn, P.P. and Macdonald, R.L. (1990) Guanidino compounds that are increased in cerebrospinal fluid and brain of uremic patients inhibit GABA and glycine responses on mouse neurons in cell culture. Annals of Neurology 28, 627–633.

De Deyn, P.P., Marescau, B. and Macdonald, R.L. (1990) Epilepsy and the GABA-hypothesis a brief review and some examples. Acta Neurologica Belgica 90, 65–81.

Dichter, M.A. and Ayala, G.F. (1987) Cellular mechanisms of epilepsy: a status report. Science 237, 157–164.

Dichter, M. and Spencer, W.A. (1969) Penicillin-induced interictal discharges from the cat hippocampus. II. Mechanisms underlying origin and restriction. Journal of Neurophysiology 32, 663–687.

Dinarello, C.A. (2009) Immunological and inflammatory functions of the interleukin-1 family. Annual Review of Immunology 27, 519–550.

Dobyns, W.B., Reiner, O., Carrozzo, R. and Ledbetter, D.H. (1993) Lissencephaly. A human brain malformation associated with deletion of the LIS1 gene located at chromosome 17p13. Journal of the American Medical Association 270, 2838–2842.

Doherty, J. and Dingledine, R. (2002) The roles of metabotropic glutamate receptors in seizures and epilepsy. Current Drug Targets: CNS and Neurological Disorders 1, 251–260.

Dorn, T. and Witte, O.W. (1995) Refractory periods following interictal spikes in acute experimentally induced epileptic foci. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 94, 80–85.

Dube, C., Vezzani, A., Behrens, M., Bartfai, T. and Baram, T.Z. (2005) Interleukin-1beta contributes to the generation of experimental febrile seizures. Annals of Neurology 57, 152–155.

Dube, C.M., Brewster, A.L., Richichi, C., Zha, Q. and Baram, T.Z. (2007) Fever, febrile seizures and epilepsy. Trends in Neuroscience 30, 490–496.

Dube, C.M., Ravizza, T., Hamamura, M., Zha, Q., Keebaugh, A., Fok, K., Andres, A.L., Nalcioglu, O., Obenaus, A., Vezzani, A. and Baram, T.Z. (2010) Epileptogenesis provoked by prolonged experimental febrile seizures: mechanisms and biomarkers. Journal of Neuroscience 30, 7484–7494.

Duffy, S. and MacVicar, B.A. (1999) Modulation of neuronal excitability by astrocytes. Advances in Neurology 79, 573–581.

Dzhala, V.I., Talos, D.M., Sdrulla, D.A., Brumback, A.C., Mathews, G.C., Benke, T.A., Delpire, E., Jensen, F.E. and Staley, K.J. (2005) NKCC1 transporter facilitates seizures in the developing brain. Nature Medicine 11, 1205–1213.

Elenkov, I.J., Webster, E.L., Torpy, D.J. and Chrousos, G.P. (1999) Stress, corticotropin-releasing hormone, glucocorticoids, and the immune/inflammatory response: acute and chronic effects. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 876, 1–11; discussion 11–13.

Engelborghs, S., Marien, P., Martin, J.J. and De Deyn, P.P. (1998a) Functional anatomy, vascularisation and pathology of the human thalamus. Acta Neurologia Belgica 98, 252–265.

Engelborghs, S., Pickut, B.A., D’Hooge, R., Wiechert, P., Haegele, K. and De Deyn, P.P. (1998b) Behavioral effects of vigabatrin correlated with whole brain gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism in audiogenic sensitive rats. Arzneimittelforschung 48, 713–716.

Engelborghs, S., D’Hooge, R. and De Deyn, P.P. (2000) Pathophysiology of epilepsy. Acta Neurologica Belgica 100, 201–213.

Errante, L.D. and Petroff, O.A. (2003) Acute effects of gabapentin and pregabalin on rat forebrain cellular GABA, glutamate, and glutamine concentrations. Seizure 12, 300–306.

Fabene, P.F., Navarro Mora, G., Martinello, M., Rossi, B., Merigo, F., Ottoboni, L., Bach, S., Angiari, S., Benati, D., Chakir, A., Zanetti, L., Schio, F., Osculati, A., Marzola, P., Nicolato, E., Homeister, J.W., Xia, L., Lowe, J.B., Mcever, R.P., Osculati, F., Sbarbati, A., Butcher, E.C. and Constantin, G. (2008) A role for leukocyteendothelial adhesion mechanisms in epilepsy. Nature Medicine 14, 1377–1383.

Fabene, P.F., Bramanti, P. and Constantin, G. (2010) The emerging role for chemokines in epilepsy. Jounal of Neuroimmunology 224, 22–27.

Fatzer, R., Gandini, G., Jaggy, A., Doherr, M. and Vandevelde, M. (2000) Necrosis of hippocampus and piri-form lobe in 38 domestic cats with seizures: a retrospective study on clinical and pathologic findings. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 14, 100–104.

Fellin, T. and Haydon, P.G. (2005) Do astrocytes contribute to excitation underlying seizures? Trends in Molecular Medicine 11, 530–533.

Fisher, R.S. (1989) Animal models of the epilepsies. Brain Research - Brain Research Reviews 14, 245–278.

Fox, J.W., Lamperti, E.D., Eksioglu, Y.Z., Hong, S.E., Feng, Y., Graham, D.A., Scheffer, I.E., Dobyns, W.B., Hirsch, B.A., Radtke, R.A., Berkovic, S.F., Huttenlocher, P.R. and Walsh, C.A. (1998) Mutations in filamin 1 prevent migration of cerebral cortical neurons in human periventricular heterotopia. Neuron 21, 1315–1325.

Fukuda, A. and Prince, D.A. (1992) Postnatal development of electrogenic sodium pump activity in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Brain Research - Developmental Brain Research 65, 101–114.

Galanopoulou, A.S. (2007) Developmental patterns in the regulation of chloride homeostasis and GABA(A) receptor signaling by seizures. Epilepsia 48 (Suppl 5), 14–18.

Gayatri, N.A., Ferrie, C.D. and Cross, H. (2007) Corticosteroids including ACTH for childhood epilepsy other than epileptic spasms. Cochrane Database System Reviews, CD005222.

Gerber, K., Filakovszky, J., Halasz, P. and Bagdy, G. (1998) The 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT increases the number of spike-wave discharges in a genetic rat model of absence epilepsy. Brain Research 807, 243–245.

Gilmore, T.D. (2006) Introduction to NF-kappaB: players, pathways, perspectives. Oncogene 25, 6680–6684.

Glass, C.K., Saijo, K., Winner, B., Marchetto, M.C. and Gage, F.H. (2010) Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration. Cell 140, 918–934.

Gleeson, J.G., Allen, K.M., Fox, J.W., Lamperti, E.D., Berkovic, S., Scheffer, I., Cooper, E.C., Dobyns, W.B., Minnerath, S.R., Ross, M.E. and Walsh, C.A. (1998) Doublecortin, a brain-specific gene mutated in human X-linked lissencephaly and double cortex syndrome, encodes a putative signaling protein. Cell 92, 63–72.

Gleeson, J.G., Lin, P.T., Flanagan, L.A. and Walsh, C.A. (1999a) Doublecortin is a microtubule-associated protein and is expressed widely by migrating neurons. Neuron 23, 257–271.

Gleeson, J.G., Minnerath, S.R., Fox, J.W., Allen, K.M., Luo, R.F., Hong, S.E., Berg, M.J., Kuzniecky, R., Reitnauer, P.J., Borgatti, R., Mira, A.P., Guerrini, R., Holmes, G.L., Rooney, C.M., Berkovic, S., Scheffer, I., Cooper, E.C., Ricci, S., Cusmai, R., Crawford, T.O., Leroy, R., Andermann, E., Wheless, J.W., Dobyns, W.B., Walsh, C.A. et al. (1999b) Characterization of mutations in the gene doublecortin in patients with double cortex syndrome. Annals of Neurology 45, 146–153.

Goddard, G.V. (1967) Development of epileptic seizures through brain stimulation at low intensity. Nature 214, 1020–1021.

Goodkin, H.P., Sun, C., Yeh, J.L., Mangan, P.S. and Kapur, J. (2007) GABA(A) receptor internalization during seizures. Epilepsia 48 (Suppl 5), 109–113.

Greene, C.E., Vandevelde, M. and Braund, K. (1976) Lissencephaly in two Lhasa Apso dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 169, 405–410.

Grisar, T., Guillaume, D. and Delgado-Escueta, A.V. (1992) Contribution of Na+,K(+)-ATPase to focal epilepsy: a brief review. Epilepsy Research 12, 141–149.

Haglund, M.M., Stahl, W.L., Kunkel, D.D. and Schwartzkroin, P.A. (1985) Developmental and regional differences in the localization of Na,K-ATPase activity in the rabbit hippocampus. Brain Research 343, 198–203.

Hara, M., Sasa, M., Kawabata, A., Serikawa, T., Yamada, T., Yamada, J. and Takaori, S. (1993) Decreased dopamine and increased norepinephrine levels in the spontaneously epileptic rat, a double mutant rat. Epilepsia 34, 433–440.

Haspolat, S., Mihci, E., Coskun, M., Gumuslu, S., Ozben, T. and Yegin, O. (2002) Interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nitrite levels in febrile seizures. Journal of Child Neurology 17, 749–751.

Heida, J.G. and Pittman, Q.J. (2005) Causal links between brain cytokines and experimental febrile convulsions in the rat. Epilepsia 46, 1906–1913.

Heinemann, U., Lux, H.D. and Gutnick, M.J. (1977) Extracellular free calcium and potassium during paroxsmal activity in the cerebral cortex of the cat. Experimental Brain Research 27, 237–243.

Hoebe, K. and Beutler, B. (2008) Forward genetic analysis of TLR-signaling pathways: an evaluation. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 60, 824–829.

Horton, R.W., Prestwich, S.A. and Meldrum, B.S. (1982) gamma-Aminobutyric acid and benzodiazepine binding sites in audiogenic seizure-susceptible mice. Journal of Neurochemistry 39, 864–870.

Jacobs, K.M., Kharazia, V.N. and Prince, D.A. (1999) Mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis in cortical malformations. Epilepsy Research 36, 165–188.

Jin, X., Huguenard, J.R. and Prince, D.A. (2005) Impaired Cl- extrusion in layer V pyramidal neurons of chronically injured epileptogenic neocortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 93, 2117–2126.

Joels, M. and Baram, T.Z. (2009) The neuro-symphony of stress. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, 459–466.

Johnston, D. and Brown, T.H. (1984) The synaptic nature of the paroxysmal depolarizing shift in hippocampal neurons. Annals of Neurology 16 (Suppl), S65–71.

Kabova, R., Liptakova, S., Slamberova, R., Pometlova, M. and Velisek, L. (1999) Age-specific N-methyl-Daspartate-induced seizures: perspectives for the West syndrome model. Epilepsia 40, 1357–1369.

Kelley, K.A., Ho, L., Winger, D., Freire-Moar, J., Borelli, C.B., Aisen, P.S. and Pasinetti, G.M. (1999) Potentiation of excitotoxicity in transgenic mice overexpressing neuronal cyclooxygenase-2. American Journal of Pathology 155, 995–1004.

Khuu, C.H., Barrozo, R.M., Hai, T. and Weinstein, S.L. (2007) Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) represses the expression of CCL4 in murine macrophages. Molecular Immunology 44, 1598–1605.

King, R.D., Wiest, M.C. and Montague, P.R. (2001) Extracellular calcium depletion as a mechanism of short-term synaptic depression. Journal of Neurophysiology 85, 1952–1959.

Kirchner, A., Veliskova, J. and Velisek, L. (2006) Differential effects of low glucose concentrations on seizures and epileptiform activity in vivo and in vitro. European Journal of Neuroscience 23, 1512–1522.

Kostopoulos, G., Avoli, M. and Gloor, P. (1983) Participation of cortical recurrent inhibition in the genesis of spike and wave discharges in feline generalized penicillin epilepsy. Brain Research 267, 101–112.

Kovacs, Z., Kekesi, K.A., Szilagyi, N., Abraham, I., Szekacs, D., Kiraly, N., Papp, E., Csaszar, I., Szego, E., Barabas, K., Peterfy, H., Erdei, A., Bartfai, T. and Juhasz, G. (2006) Facilitation of spike-wave discharge activity by lipopolysaccharides in Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk rats. Neuroscience 140, 731–742.

Kulkarni, S.K. and Dhir, A. (2009) Cyclooxygenase in epilepsy: from perception to application. Drugs Today (Barc) 45, 135–154.

Lee, K.I., Lim, C.Y., Kang, B.T. and Park, H.M. (2011) Clinical and MRI findings of lissencephaly in a mixed breed dog. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 73, 1385–1388.

Liesz, A., Suri-Payer, E., Veltkamp, C., Doerr, H., Sommer, C., Rivest, S., Giese, T. and Veltkamp, R. (2009) Regulatory T cells are key cerebroprotective immunomodulators in acute experimental stroke. Nature Medicine 15, 192–199.

Longhi, L., Perego, C., Ortolano, F., Zanier, E.R., Bianchi, P., Stocchetti, N., Mcintosh, T.K. and De Simoni, M.G. (2009) C1-inhibitor attenuates neurobehavioral deficits and reduces contusion volume after controlled cortical impact brain injury in mice. Critical Care Medicine 37, 659–665.

Loscher, W. and Schwark, W.S. (1985) Evidence for impaired GABA-ergic activity in the substantia nigra of amygdaloid kindled rats. Brain Research 339, 146–150.

Loscher, W. and Schwartz-Porsche, D. (1986) Low levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with epilepsy. Journal of Neurochemistry 46, 1322–1325.

MacVicar, B.A. and Dudek, F.E. (1980) Local synaptic circuits in rat hippocampus: interactions between pyramidal cells. Brain Research 184, 220–223.

Mantovani, A., Locati, M., Vecchi, A., Sozzani, S. and Allavena, P. (2001) Decoy receptors: a strategy to regulate inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Trends in Immunology 22, 328–336.

Matsumoto, H. and Marsan, C.A. (1964) Cortical Cellular Phenomena in Experimental Epilepsy: Ictal Manifestations. Experimental Neurology 9, 305–326.

Mayberg, H.S., Sadzot, B., Meltzer, C.C., Fisher, R.S., Lesser, R.P., Dannals, R.F., Lever, J.R., Wilson, A.A., Ravert, H.T., Wagner, H.N., Jr et al. (1991) Quantification of mu and non-mu opiate receptors in temporal lobe epilepsy using positron emission tomography. Annals of Neurology 30, 3–11.

Mazarati, A.M. and Wasterlain, C.G. (1999) N-methyl-D-asparate receptor antagonists abolish the maintenance phase of self-sustaining status epilepticus in rat. Neuroscience Letters 265, 187–190.

McNamara, J.O. (1999) Emerging insights into the genesis of epilepsy. Nature 399, A15–22.

Meisler, M.H., Kearney, J., Ottman, R. and Escayg, A. (2001) Identification of epilepsy genes in human and mouse. Annual Review of Genetics 35, 567–588.

Meldrum, B.S. (1994) The role of glutamate in epilepsy and other CNS disorders. Neurology 44, S14–23.

Meldrum, B.S. and Chapman, A.G. (1999) Excitatory amino acid receptors and antiepileptic drug development. Advances in Neurology 79, 965–978.

Meldrum, B.S., Akbar, M.T. and Chapman, A.G. (1999) Glutamate receptors and transporters in genetic and acquired models of epilepsy. Epilepsy Research 36, 189–204.

Mikati, M.A., Saab, R., Fayad, M.N. and Choueiri, R.N. (2002) Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Pediatric Neurology 26, 298–300.

Mikati, M.A., Kurdi, R., El-Khoury, Z., Rahi, A. and Raad, W. (2010) Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in intractable childhood epilepsy: open-label study and review of the literature. Epilepsy and Behavior 17, 90–94.

Miles, R. and Wong, R.K. (1983) Single neurones can initiate synchronized population discharge in the hippocampus. Nature 306, 371–373.

Moldrich, R.X., Chapman, A.G., De Sarro, G. and Meldrum, B.S. (2003) Glutamate metabotropic receptors as targets for drug therapy in epilepsy. European Journal of Pharmacology 476, 3–16.

Moody, W.J., Futamachi, K.J. and Prince, D.A. (1974) Extracellular potassium activity during epileptogenesis. Experimental Neurology 42, 248–263.

Mori, A., Hiramatsu, M., Namba, S., Nishimoto, A., Ohmoto, T., Mayanagi, Y. and Asakura, T. (1987) Decreased dopamine level in the epileptic focus. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 56, 157–164.

Morita, T., Takahashi, M., Takeuchi, T., Hikasa, Y., Ikeda, S., Sawada, M., Sato, K., Shibahara, T. and Shimada, A. (2005) Changes in extracellular neurotransmitters in the cerebrum of familial idiopathic epileptic shetland sheepdogs using an intracerebral microdialysis technique and immunohistochemical study for glutamate metabolism. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 67, 1119–1126.

Nadler, J.V. (2003) The recurrent mossy fiber pathway of the epileptic brain. Neurochemical Research 28, 1649–1658.

Nguyen, M.D., Julien, J.P. and Rivest, S. (2002) Innate immunity: the missing link in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3, 216–227.

Olsen, R.W., Wamsley, J.K., Mccabe, R.T., Lee, R.J. and Lomax, P. (1985) Benzodiazepine/gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor deficit in the midbrain of the seizure-susceptible gerbil. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82, 6701–6705.

Patrylo, P.R., Van Den Pol, A.N., Spencer, D.D. and Williamson, A. (1999) NPY inhibits glutamatergic excitation in the epileptic human dentate gyrus. Journal of Neurophysiology 82, 478–483.

Perkins, N.D. (2007) Integrating cell-signalling pathways with NF-kappaB and IKK function. Nature Reviews – Molecular Cell Biology 8, 49–62.

Pilz, D.T., Matsumoto, N., Minnerath, S., Mills, P., Gleeson, J.G., Allen, K.M., Walsh, C.A., Barkovich, A.J., Dobyns, W.B., Ledbetter, D.H. and Ross, M.E. (1998) LIS1 and XLIS (DCX) mutations cause most classical lissencephaly, but different patterns of malformation. Human Molecular Genetics 7, 2029–2037.

Pinto, D.J., Patrick, S.L., Huang, W.C. and Connors, B.W. (2005) Initiation, propagation, and termination of epileptiform activity in rodent neocortex in vitro involve distinct mechanisms. Journal of Neuroscience 25, 8131–8140.

Pitkanen, A. and Lukasiuk, K. (2009) Molecular and cellular basis of epileptogenesis in symptomatic epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior 14 (Suppl 1), 16–25.

Pitkanen, A. and Sutula, T.P. (2002) Is epilepsy a progressive disorder? Prospects for new therapeutic approaches in temporal-lobe epilepsy. Lancet Neurology 1, 173–181.

Podell, M. and Hadjiconstantinou, M. (1997) Cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate values in dogs with epilepsy. American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, 451–456.

Podell, M. and Hadjiconstantinou, M. (1999) Low concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid GABA correlate to a reduced response to phenobarbital therapy in primary canine epilepsy. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 13, 89–94.

Przewlocka, B., Lason, W., Machelska, H., Van Luijtelaar, G., Coenen, A. and Przewlocki, R. (1995) Kappa opioid receptor agonists suppress absence seizures in WAG/Rij rats. Neuroscience Letters 186, 131–134.

Rakic, P. (1988) Specification of cerebral cortical areas. Science 241, 170–176.

Ransohoff, R.M., Kivisakk, P. and Kidd, G. (2003) Three or more routes for leukocyte migration into the central nervous system. Nature Reviews - Immunology 3, 569–581.

Ravizza, T. and Vezzani, A. (2006) Status epilepticus induces time-dependent neuronal and astrocytic expression of interleukin-1 receptor type I in the rat limbic system. Neuroscience 137, 301–308.

Ravizza, T., Gagliardi, B., Noe, F., Boer, K., Aronica, E. and Vezzani, A. (2008) Innate and adaptive immunity during epileptogenesis and spontaneous seizures: evidence from experimental models and human temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiology of Disease 29, 142–160.

Rice, A.C. and DeLorenzo, R.J. (1998) NMDA receptor activation during status epilepticus is required for the development of epilepsy. Brain Research 782, 240–247.

Richerson, G.B. (2004) Looking for GABA in all the wrong places: the relevance of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors to epilepsy. Epilepsy Currents 4, 239–242.

Rizzi, M., Perego, C., Aliprandi, M., Richichi, C., Ravizza, T., Colella, D., Veliskova, J., Moshe, S.L., De Simoni, M.G. and Vezzani, A. (2003) Glia activation and cytokine increase in rat hippocampus by kainic acid-induced status epilepticus during postnatal development. Neurobiology of Disease 14, 494–503.

Rogawski, M.A. and Donevan, S.D. (1999) AMPA receptors in epilepsy and as targets for antiepileptic drugs. Advances in Neurology 79, 947–963.

Rothwell, N.J. (1989) CRF is involved in the pyrogenic and thermogenic effects of interleukin 1 beta in the rat. American Journal of Physiology 256, E111–115.

Rutecki, P.A., Lebeda, F.J. and Johnston, D. (1985) Epileptiform activity induced by changes in extracellular potassium in hippocampus. Journal of Neurophysiology 54, 1363–1374.

Rutecki, P.A., Grossman, R.G., Armstrong, D. and Irish-Loewen, S. (1989) Electrophysiological connections between the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in patients with complex partial seizures. Journal of Neurosurgery 70, 667–675.

Saito, M., Sharp, N.J., Kortz, G.D., De Lahunta, A., Leventer, R.J., Tokuriki, M. and Thrall, D.E. (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging features of lissencephaly in 2 Lhasa Apsos. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 43, 331–337.

Sakurai, M., Morita, T., Takeuchi, T. and Shimada, A. (2013) Relationship of angiogenesis and microglial activation to seizure-induced neuronal death in the cerebral cortex of Shetland Sheepdogs with familial epilepsy. American Journal of Veterinary Research 74, 763–770.

Sapir, T., Cahana, A., Seger, R., Nekhai, S. and Reiner, O. (1999) LIS1 is a microtubule-associated phospho-protein. European Journal of Biochemistry 265, 181–188.

Sapolsky, R., Rivier, C., Yamamoto, G., Plotsky, P. and Vale, W. (1987) Interleukin-1 stimulates the secretion of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor. Science 238, 522–524.

Savic, I., Svanborg, E. and Thorell, J.O. (1996) Cortical benzodiazepine receptor changes are related to frequency of partial seizures: a positron emission tomography study. Epilepsia 37, 236–244.

Sayin, U. and Rutecki, P.A. (2003) Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor activation produces prolonged epileptiform neuronal synchronization and alters evoked population responses in the hippocampus. Epilepsy Research 53, 186–195.

Scharfman, H.E. (2007) The neurobiology of epilepsy. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 7, 348–354.

Schwartz, M. and Shechter, R. (2010) Systemic inflammatory cells fight off neurodegenerative disease. Nature Reviews - Neurology 6, 405–410.

Schwindt, P.C., Spain, W.J. and Crill, W.E. (1989) Long-lasting reduction of excitability by a sodium-dependent potassium current in cat neocortical neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 61, 233–244.

Semple, B.D., Kossmann, T. and Morganti-Kossmann, M.C. (2010) Role of chemokines in CNS health and pathology: a focus on the CCL2/CCR2 and CXCL8/CXCR2 networks. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 30, 459–473.

Sloviter, R.S., Zappone, C.A., Harvey, B.D. and Frotscher, M. (2006) Kainic acid-induced recurrent mossy fiber innervation of dentate gyrus inhibitory interneurons: possible anatomical substrate of granule cell hyper-inhibition in chronically epileptic rats. Journal of Comparative Neurology 494, 944–960.

Snead, O.C., 3rd (1995) Basic mechanisms of generalized absence seizures. Annals of Neurology 37, 146–157.

Somjen, G.G. (2002) Ion regulation in the brain: implications for pathophysiology. Neuroscientist 8, 254–267.

Staley, K.J., Longacher, M., Bains, J.S. and Yee, A. (1998) Presynaptic modulation of CA3 network activity. Nature Neuroscience 1, 201–209.

Stell, B.M., Brickley, S.G., Tang, C.Y., Farrant, M. and Mody, I. (2003) Neuroactive steroids reduce neuronal excitability by selectively enhancing tonic inhibition mediated by delta subunit-containing GABAA receptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100, 14439–14444.

Sutula, T., He, X.X., Cavazos, J. and Scott, G. (1988) Synaptic reorganization in the hippocampus induced by abnormal functional activity. Science 239, 1147–1150.

Sutula, T., Cascino, G., Cavazos, J., Parada, I. and Ramirez, L. (1989) Mossy fiber synaptic reorganization in the epileptic human temporal lobe. Annals of Neurology 26, 321–330.

Swadlow, H.A. (2003) Fast-spike interneurons and feedforward inhibition in awake sensory neocortex. Cerebral Cortex 13, 25–32.

Szekanecz, Z. and Koch, A.E. (2001) Chemokines and angiogenesis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 13, 202–208.

Thimm, J., Mechler, A., Lin, H., Rhee, S. and Lal, R. (2005) Calcium-dependent open/closed conformations and interfacial energy maps of reconstituted hemichannels. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, 10646–10654.

Thiry, A., Dogne, J.M., Supuran, C.T. and Masereel, B. (2007) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as anticonvulsant agents. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 7, 855–864.

Tian, G.F., Azmi, H., Takano, T., Xu, Q., Peng, W., Lin, J., Oberheim, N., Lou, N., Wang, X., Zielke, H.R., Kang, J. and Nedergaard, M. (2005) An astrocytic basis of epilepsy. Nature Medicine 11, 973–981.

Timofeev, I., Grenier, F. and Steriade, M. (2004) Contribution of intrinsic neuronal factors in the generation of cortically driven electrographic seizures. Journal of Neurophysiology 92, 1133–1143.

Tracey, K.J. (2002) The inflammatory reflex. Nature 420, 853–859.

Traub, R.D., Dudek, F.E., Taylor, C.P. and Knowles, W.D. (1985) Simulation of hippocampal afterdischarges synchronized by electrical interactions. Neuroscience 14, 1033–1038.

Traub, R.D., Borck, C., Colling, S.B. and Jefferys, J.G. (1996) On the structure of ictal events in vitro. Epilepsia 37, 879–891.

Traub, R.D., Michelson-Law, H., Bibbig, A.E., Buhl, E.H. and Whittington, M.A. (2004) Gap junctions, fast oscillations and the initiation of seizures. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 548, 110–122.

Trevelyan, A.J., Sussillo, D. and Yuste, R. (2007) Feedforward inhibition contributes to the control of epileptiform propagation speed. Journal of Neuroscience 27, 3383–3387.

Trist, D.G. (2000) Excitatory amino acid agonists and antagonists: pharmacology and therapeutic applications. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae 74, 221–229.

Vaillend, C., Mason, S.E., Cuttle, M.F. and Alger, B.E. (2002) Mechanisms of neuronal hyperexcitability caused by partial inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPases in the rat CA1 hippocampal region. Journal of Neurophysiology 88, 2963–2978.

Velisek, L. (1998) Extracellular acidosis and high levels of carbon dioxide suppress synaptic transmission and prevent the induction of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices. Hippocampus 8, 24–32.

Velisek, L., Moshe, S.L. and Cammer, W. (1993) Developmental changes in seizure susceptibility in carbonic anhydrase II-deficient mice and normal littermates. Brain Research - Developmental Brain Research 72, 321–324.

Velisek, L., Dreier, J.P., Stanton, P.K., Heinemann, U. and Moshe, S.L. (1994) Lowering of extracellular pH suppresses low-Mg(2+)-induces seizures in combined entorhinal cortex-hippocampal slices. Experimental Brain Research 101, 44–52.

Verhelst, H., Boon, P., Buyse, G., Ceulemans, B., D’Hooghe, M., Meirleir, L.D., Hasaerts, D., Jansen, A., Lagae, L., Meurs, A., Coster, R.V. and Vonck, K. (2005) Steroids in intractable childhood epilepsy: clinical experience and review of the literature. Seizure 14, 412–421.

Vezzani, A. and Baram, T.Z. (2007) New roles for interleukin-1 Beta in the mechanisms of epilepsy. Epilepsy Currents 7, 45–50.

Vezzani, A. and Granata, T. (2005) Brain inflammation in epilepsy: experimental and clinical evidence. Epilepsia 46, 1724–1743.

Vezzani, A., Conti, M., De Luigi, A., Ravizza, T., Moneta, D., Marchesi, F. and De Simoni, M.G. (1999) Interleukin-1beta immunoreactivity and microglia are enhanced in the rat hippocampus by focal kainate application: functional evidence for enhancement of electrographic seizures. Journal of Neuroscience 19, 5054–5065.

Vezzani, A., Moneta, D., Conti, M., Richichi, C., Ravizza, T., De Luigi, A., De Simoni, M.G., Sperk, G., Andell-Jonsson, S., Lundkvist, J., Iverfeldt, K. and Bartfai, T. (2000a) Powerful anticonvulsant action of IL-1 receptor antagonist on intracerebral injection and astrocytic overexpression in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97, 11534–11539.

Vezzani, A., Rizzi, M., Conti, M. and Samanin, R. (2000b) Modulatory role of neuropeptides in seizures induced in rats by stimulation of glutamate receptors. Journal of Nutrition 130, 1046S–1048S.

Vezzani, A., French, J., Bartfai, T. and Baram, T.Z. (2011) The role of inflammation in epilepsy. Nature Reviews - Neurology 7, 31–40.

Vezzani, A., Aronica, E., Mazarati, A. and Pittman, Q.J. (2013) Epilepsy and brain inflammation. Experimental Neurology 244, 11–21.

Vincent, A. and Bien, C.G. (2008) Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: a cause of psychiatric, seizure, and movement disorders in young adults. Lancet Neurology 7, 1074–1075.

Vincent, A., Irani, S.R. and Lang, B. (2010) The growing recognition of immunotherapy-responsive seizure disorders with autoantibodies to specific neuronal proteins. Current Opinion in Neurology 23, 144–150.

Virta, M., Hurme, M. and Helminen, M. (2002) Increased plasma levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with febrile seizures. Epilepsia 43, 920–923.

Wheless, J.W., Clarke, D.F., Arzimanoglou, A. and Carpenter, D. (2007) Treatment of pediatric epilepsy: European expert opinion, 2007. Epileptic Disorders 9, 353–412.

Wilson, E.H., Weninger, W. and Hunter, C.A. (2010) Trafficking of immune cells in the central nervous system. Journal of Clinical Investigation 120, 1368–1379.

Wirrell, E., Farrell, K. and Whiting, S. (2005) The epileptic encephalopathies of infancy and childhood. Canadian Journal of Neurological Science 32, 409–418.

Wong, R.K. and Watkins, D.J. (1982) Cellular factors influencing GABA response in hippocampal pyramidal cells. Journal of Neurophysiology 48, 938–951.

Wu, Y., Wang, X., Mo, X., Xi, Z., Xiao, F., Li, J., Zhu, X., Luan, G., Wang, Y., Li, Y. and Zhang, J. (2008) Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in brain tissue of patients with intractable epilepsy. Clinical Neuropathology 27, 55–63.

Xiong, Z.Q., Qian, W., Suzuki, K. and Mcnamara, J.O. (2003) Formation of complement membrane attack complex in mammalian cerebral cortex evokes seizures and neurodegeneration. Journal of Neuroscience 23, 955–960.

Xu, J.H., Long, L., Tang, Y.C., Zhang, J.T., Hut, H.T. and Tang, F.R. (2009) CCR3, CCR2A and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1a, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in the mouse hippocampus during and after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (PISE). Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 35, 496–514.

Yamada, K., Ji, J.J., Yuan, H., Miki, T., Sato, S., Horimoto, N., Shimizu, T., Seino, S. and Inagaki, N. (2001) Protective role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in hypoxia-induced generalized seizure. Science 292, 1543–1546.

Yoshikawa, K., Kita, Y., Kishimoto, K. and Shimizu, T. (2006) Profiling of eicosanoid production in the rat hippocampus during kainic acid-induced seizure: dual phase regulation and differential involvement of COX-1 and COX-2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 281, 14663–14669.

You, S.J., Jung, D.E., Kim, H.D., Lee, H.S. and Kang, H.C. (2008) Efficacy and prognosis of a short course of prednisolone therapy for pediatric epilepsy. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 12, 314–320.