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Probable symptomatic or cryptogenic epilepsy refers to recurrent seizures caused by an underlying brain disease that is strongly suspected but cannot be identified despite extensive investigations (e.g. undetected hypoxic or vascular events, post-encephalitic changes and post-traumatic lesions that do not cause any detectable changes on brain imaging). Animals with cryptogenic epilepsy may or may not have behavioural and/or neurological abnormalities (other than seizures) interictally. The term ‘epilepsy of unknown aetiology’ has been proposed to replace the term cryptogenic epilepsy in humans (Berg et al., 2010) and although not widely accepted by expert epileptologists (Panayiotopoulos, 2012), it may be of value in veterinary medicine due to its more immediate meaning. However, in veterinary medicine, it would be important to specify when the cause of the seizures is unknown despite extensive diagnostic investigations to rule out toxic, metabolic, nutritional and structural brain disorders (see Chapter 10) rather than unknown because of minimal or no investigations.