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Many coaches, because they offer their time for free, think they’re not responsible for the growth and health of the guys who train, but only for the sporting result of their action. The coach of youth teams is instead considered responsible for the psychological damage that can cause to young people and especially the physical damage caused by negligence or non-knowledge: managers (co-responsible) should remember to always inform the coach of his responsibilities before start his work.

It would be important at least to know that there are phases of growth in which different characteristics and coordination skills are developed; they’re called SENSITIVE PHASES

Sensitive phases

Stages of greater sensitivity of different motor skills and psychophysical qualities in the ages of six to fifteen.

 Between 5 and 9/10 years the basic motor schemes are achieved; precision in movements has increased

 Between 6 and 8 years improves balance quickly

 Between 7 and 10 years improves speed of movement

 Between 8 and 10 years the attitude to predict the speed and direction of moving objects grows

 Between 9 and 10 years the maximum step frequency is reached

 Between 9 and 11 years advances in sensory-motor coordination (eye-hand and eye-foot general dynamics) are obtained

 Between 11 and 12 years the development of lateralization is completed

 Between 12 and 18 years the muscle force doubles; for girls after 13 it does not substantially increase

 Up to 14 years avoid passive mobility exercises, practically those performed with the help of others

 After 10 years training for muscle stretching and mobility begins

Phases of sports training

Before listing the various phases of sports preparation it is necessary to remember that the chronological ages indicated are purely schematic; in the juvenile preparation it is much more serious and correct to consider the biological ages of the various subjects.

Stages or levels	All sports activities	Soccer in particular
6-10 years	Preliminary general preparation	Me and the ball
10-13 years	Beginning for starting-up sport	Me, the ball, the partner
13-15 years	Training specialized in a sport	Me, the ball, the partners, the opponents
15-18 years	Sport improvement:1. Area of the first great successes;2. Zone of optimal possibilities;3. Zone of stabilization of maximum performance.	The team

These indications are important in order to establish what the training proposals are and to be able to plan the activities

Principle of the finalized load

Training phases	General motor training	Specific conditional training	Special training	competitions
Basic training8-10 years	30%	20%	40%	10%
Construction training 10-13 years	10%	25%	45%	20%
High level training 13-15	10%	20%	35%	35%
Very high level training 15-18	0%	25%	35%	40%

(Schonborn, 1984)

The road to be followed in youth training is to gradually increase the load. The training stimuli must be applied progressively and appropriately to development.

The recommended methodological sequence is to increase:

- first the frequency of training (defined as number of sessions);

- then the volume (defined as quantity of work);

- finally the intensity (defined as execution and loading speed).

(Ehlenz, Grosser, Zimmermann, 1983)

EXPLORATIONexperimentation	SETTINGassimilation	STABILIZATIONautomation
8-12 years	13-15 years	16-20 years
Tactical feeling and technical ability	Tactical and technical behavior	Tactics (sense of position) and technique

According to Martin (1982) sensitive phases find their moments of greater improvement in the ages indicated by the following diagrams.

It is not possible to train the coordinative and conditional abilities that have the same effectiveness at any age: no capacity can be exercised in the same measure at any age (Israel 1976).

With entry into puberty, there are decreases in performance or stagnation in the coordinating field (Sharma, 1993).

In boys with delayed development, are found coordination results better than those with early or normal development.

The periods of development in which trainability is very favorable for a certain motor capacity or class of sporting tasks (for example development of joint mobility, improvement of sporting technique), should be considered as sensitive phases for that class of tasks. We must pay close attention to the fact that there is an equal sensitivity between adequate and inadequate training methods. If you do not use the most favorable childhood years for the formation of coordination and sports technique, or you allow them to form wrong athletic behavior, the negative consequences will certainly be more conspicuous and therefore more lasting than in other periods.

Let's analyze what are the skills to be developed in the young athlete

Neutral capacity

Aerobic resistance

It is possible to develop it from pre-school age to be continued in the subsequent evolutionary stages, until reaching the period of "thrust" puberty that according to current knowledge seems to be the most favorable.

Early capacities

 Coordinative

 Rapid reaction and motor frequency

 Articular mobility

 Motor learning (with learning tasks that do not require high assumptions of maximum force or relative force),

Intermediate capacities

Toward the end of the primary school period and throughout the first pubertal phase, they should be considered with increasing attention:

 Articular mobility

 Quick force

 Force resistance (in natural load)

 Speed of movement, of locomotion and acceleration,

Late capacity

 Maximum force

 Anaerobic resistance

 Quick force against oppositions

 Resistance to force against oppositions.

Growth, development and maturation are terms that describe the changes that occur in the body until reaching adulthood:

 Growth refers to an increase in the overall size of the organism or any part of the body.

 Development refers to the differentiation of cells following functional specialization lines and the skills achieved in dealing with situations (skills, abilities, personality).

 Maturation refers to the process of achieving the biological condition of adulthood and complete functionality; takes place in a long time, refers to:

- chronological age;

- skeletal age;

- state of sexual maturation. Physiological maturity in girls occurs 2-3 years earlier than boys.

Synthetically the indicators useful for determining the growth of the young are:

Growth Body size

Development Acquired skills

Maturation Biological conditions

Specialists in the growth and development sector have spent a lot of time studying the changes in stature and weight that accompany growth. Growth in height is very rapid in the first two years of life,

At 2 years the child reaches 50% of his height as an adult. The rate of growth is then much slower in childhood, but just before puberty the stature increases dramatically,

the peak of the growth rate occurs:

- about 11,4 years for girls;

- about 13,4 years for boys;

the achievement of the final height occurs:

- about 16-17 years for girls;

- about 18-20 years for boys;

The peak of body weight increase occurs:

- about 12.5 years for girls;

- about 14,5 years for boys;

Bones, joints, cartilages and ligaments form the support of the body structure; bones provide muscle insertion points, protect delicate tissues and represent calcium and phosphorus deposits. Between 14 and 22 years membranes and cartilages are transformed into bone. In an equally long time, between 13 and 20 years, the complete ossification of the different bones takes place. The prepubescent age is the most suitable for strengthening the bones in response to the stimulus of physical activity.

Muscle mass increases regularly from birth to adolescence following weight gain. The girls reach the maximum of muscle development between 16 and 20 years, boys between 18 and 25.

But we will talk about all these topics in a more specific way when we deal with the various motor skills.