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Through training, improvement of motor skills is pursued. Some skills can be trained and improved; others can be educated and transformed. We have already said that it is not possible to intervene on one of them without affecting positively or negatively the others. In sports games, the influence of the various abilities on the effectiveness of the sporting gesture is significant; this fact produced the notion of “regime of manifestation”. The regime of manifestation represents the way of manifesting of a motor capacity (e.g. resistance in speed regime, speed in strength regime); it also represents the way to manifest itself in the mixture of training factors (e.g. physical preparation in the technical regime, technical preparation in the tactical regime).

The components of the physical-motor preparation are:

- general and multilateral physical preparation, which is carried out in a particular and comprehensive way; it is particularly aimed at the great functions of the organism and is very suitable for young people;

- the specific physical preparation, which is based on the functions and motility of each sporting game corresponding to the demands of the competition; to be achieved after the youth preparatory cycle.

The figure shows that the player's performance or rather his efficiency in a competition depends on multiple skills, abilities and qualities that influence each other.

Components of the player's performance capabilities (Weineck-Erlangen, 1994)

The figure shows that the player's performance or rather his efficiency in a competition depends on multiple skills, abilities and qualities that influence each other.

In the performance structure represented in the previous figure, conditional abilities are fundamental because they provide the basis for a technical, tactical and psychic performance that is stable during the competition (Stiehler-Kinzag-Döbler, 1988).

To seriously address the problems of training you have to set three tasks: The first is to define the dominant physical qualities in soccer:

- the resistance in force regime;

- the speed (acceleration);

- the dexterity (ability to learn and execute complex movements quickly).

With the second, define the characteristics of the specific effort required in the game of soccer. Physical effort is generally characterized by the following parameters:

 intensity;

 duration;

 complexity;

 metabolic processes for energy production.

From the intensity point of view, the effort can be:

Intensity Heart rate (Beats/min) Respiratory rate Acts per minute

Maximum Exceed 210 Exceed 40–50

Maximal Between 200 – 210 Between 35– 40

Sub-maximal Between 180 - 200 Between 30 – 40

Great Between 120 - 180 Between 25 – 35

Moderate Below 120 Below 25

The intensity of the physical exercise must be related to the age of the subject; for adults it is advisable to consider the maximum pulsation frequency to be achieved respecting:

Cooper's formulas:

max HR = 220 - age for women

max HR = 205-(age divided by 2) for men

or Karvonen’s formula: max HR = 220 – resting frequency

or better yet, Tanaka's formula: max HR = 208 - (0,7 times age)

We must remember that:

- between 50-60% of max HR, a moderate work is carried out;

- between 60-70% of max HR, a great work is carried out (also called cardio-training);

- between 70-80% of max HR, an aerobic sub-maximal work is carried out close to the limit;

- between 80-90% of max HR, a maximal anaerobic work is carried out;

- over 90% is achieved a maximum work (not recommended).

From the duration point of view, the effort can be:

 short or long;

 continuous or variable;

 with or without interruption.

From the complexity point of view, the effort can be:

 simple (e.g. marathon);

 complex (e.g. soccer).

From the point of view of metabolic processes of energy production, the effort can be:

 aerobic;

 anaerobic;

 mixed.

For soccer, the specific effort is considered:

For intensity:

- sub-maximal (heart rate180/200 - resp. rate30/40)

For duration:

- variable with numerous interruptions

For complexity:

- complex since it uses different physical qualities (speed, force, etc.), technical actions, tactics, with situations of physical confrontation.

For metabolic processes:

- mixed, with considerable anaerobic alactacid commitment

The third operation is to establish the growth and the decrease of the efforts during the training

Basically, to establish the training plan and the physical training program.

The central objective of all soccer training must be to improve the operational capabilities of the player. (Bisanz-Gerisch, 1990). This statement serves to reduce the importance of condition factors to avoid overestimation and excessive undervaluation in training. In targeted soccer training we will try to encourage an exercise of speed of action that is oriented to the practice of the game always taking into account all the mental, physical, technical, tactical and social performance factors. The following quotes show that a specific theory of soccer training must be based on the demands of the competition and that the training of the condition must be assimilated to the practice of the game or possibly be integrated with it.

“The best teacher for training is the competition” (Cramer, 1987).

“From the competition we understand what we have to train” (Krauspe-Rauhut-Teschner, 1990).

“If the competition is the best training, it is also true that a good workout must necessarily have the nature of a competition” (Northpoth, 1988).

“The secret of soccer is always in the training session” (Beenhakker, 1990).

“The central objective of every soccer training must be to improve the player’s ability to act” (Bisanz-Gerisch, 1990).

From these quotes it appears that the soccer training of the condition must be assimilated to the practice of the game or possibly be integrated with it. Therefore training is not an end in itself but it follows the objective of “improving the ability to play and to optimize the ability to act”.

If on the one hand we want to reduce the importance of the factors of physical condition, on the other hand it will be appropriate to encourage in soccer training an exercise of speed of action that orients the practice of the game keeping in mind all the factors of performance at a technical-tactical and psycho-social level. This means that it is necessary to give more importance to training close to the practice of the game with more and more specialized methods and means. (Lottermann, 1990).

COACH MUST 1) Know athletes well and work to constantly improve their learning and training. 2) Analyze with the athletes and the managers the reasons for the success and the causes of the poor results. 3) Contribute to the formation of the group, sense of responsibility and respect. 4) Encourage athletes to follow a regular workout. 5) Worry about the health of athletes. 6) Inculcate in athletes a sense of attachment to the team colors and the respect of social ownership. 7) Encourage athletes to participate with commitment to each training. 8) Take care of their own professional update. 9) Keep a daily training record. 10) Prepare the training in order to arouse the interest of the players for physical, technical and tactical exercises.