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The characteristics of the future grid are distinctly different from those of the current power system as shown in Table 1.4. As shown in this table, there are more challenges including security that have to be addressed by Smart Grid systems.

Table 1.4 Comparison of key attributes of current and future systems.

Source: [DOE 2015b]. Public Domain.

Current system	Future paradigm
Monolitic	Modular and agile
Centralized generation	Centralized and distributed generation
Decisions driven by cost	Decisions driven by cost and sustainability
Vulnerable to catastrophic events	Contained events
Limited energy choices	Personalized energy options
Vulnerable to new threats	Inherently secure against threats

The extensive digital technologies that enable significant improvements to new energy systems also increase the attack surface for cyber intrusion. The increasingly significant role of information systems and growing dependence on managing the power flow (generation, transmission, and distribution), markets, customers, financial, and trade needs call for special efforts to foster confidence in computing systems and information systems for business and industrial applications. Since the emergence of Internet and World Wide Web technologies, the control systems were integrated with the business and IT systems and became more exposed to cyber threats. Although specific threats target control systems and intelligent devices, these systems are also exposed to the same cyberspace threats as any business system because they share the common vulnerabilities with the traditional IT systems.