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The vision of the IoT has evolved due to a convergence of multiple technologies, ranging from wireless communication to the Internet and from embedded systems to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). This means that the traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), and others all have made contributions to the development of IoT technology (see technology roadmap; Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1 Technology road map.

Source: [WikiTech]. Public Domain.

Energy‐efficient microcontrollers act as brains due to objects with embedded intelligence. A sensor is a special device that perceives certain characteristics of the real world and transfers them into a digital representation.

Sensor technology provides objects with sensory receptors, and RFID provides a way for them to distinguish one another, much as people recognize a face. Finally, low‐energy wireless technology, such as specified in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, supplies the virtual counterparts of voice and hearing. Multiple applications already use these and other technologies, such as machine‐to‐machine (M2M) communication, virtual worlds, and robotics.

The IoT is a vision that encompasses and surmounts several technologies at the confluence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology (IT), and cognitive sciences [Santucci 2010]. However, to be a virtual being, an IoT object needs only enough technology to realize its role and complete its mission.

The combination of various technologies has enabled objects to exhibit these characteristics, allowing them to become virtual beings. IoT technology mixes with social aspects, big data, and cloud computing and as an enabler for CPS. As a result of these technologies and the cross integration of all the technologies, a new level of control and feedback mechanisms is being developed in order to enhance the processes.