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The interconnected objects have main characteristics [Roman 2011]:

 Existence – Things exist in the physical world with the aid of specific technologies, such as an embedded communication device becoming a virtual persona.

 Sense of self – Things have, either implicitly or explicitly, an identity that describes them and can process information, make decisions, and behave autonomously.

 Connectivity – Things can initiate communication with other entities and an element in their surroundings; a remote entity can locate and access them.

 Interactivity – Things can interoperate and collaborate with a wide range of heterogeneous entities, whether human or machine or real or virtual such that they produce and consume a wide variety of services.

 Dynamicity – Things can interact with other things at any time, any place, and in any way; they can enter and leave the network at will, no need to be limited to a single physical location, and can use a range of interface types.

An optional sixth characteristic is environmental awareness. Sensors can enable a thing to perceive physical and virtual data about its environment, such as water radiation or network overhead (this characteristic is optional because not all things will exhibit it, such as an object enhanced with a lower‐end radio‐frequency identification (RFID) tag).