Читать книгу People Flow in Buildings - Marja-Liisa Siikonen - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 An example of a layout drawing with NIA of KONE Building.Figure 1.2 Office multi‐occupant floor descriptions for upper floors.Figure 1.3 Gross internal area of a residential apartment.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Four vectors of passenger traffic per floor.Figure 2.2 Camera installed above the doorway for people‐flow counting (a) a...Figure 2.3 Curtain‐of‐light (a), and infra‐red proximity sensor (b) in a doo...Figure 2.4 Access control system built in turnstiles (KONE Corporation).Figure 2.5 Load‐weighing by platform deflection (a), and strain gauge...Figure 2.6 Step‐counting method to count the number of entering and exiting ...Figure 2.7 Traffic view of E‐Link monitoring system (KONE Corporation).Figure 2.8 Elevator performance analyzer setup in an elevator.Figure 2.9 Modern user real‐time tracking service.Figure 2.10 Wayfinding by a mobile phone.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Passenger inter‐arrival times in elevator lobbies.Figure 3.2 Probability density function for Poisson arrival process.Figure 3.3 Number of occurrences as a function of number passengers analysed...Figure 3.4 Passengers entering (a) and exiting (b) through turnstiles for a ...Figure 3.5 Combined inter‐arrival times of entering and exiting people throu...Figure 3.6 A snapshot of a video recording from the first entrance floor (...Figure 3.7 Cumulative number of batch and individual arrivals at the entranc...Figure 3.8 Setup of people flow counting in escalators.Figure 3.9 Observed daily passenger batch size distributions of the globally...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Incoming, outgoing and inter‐floor traffic components of a buildi...Figure 4.2 Lobby layout of an office building in Poland.Figure 4.3 Typical people flow in diversified office buildings (a), p...Figure 4.4 Measured traffic in an office building for the two‐way traffic pr...Figure 4.5 Occupancy in persons during the day for the office building in Po...Figure 4.6 Example of transportation arrangement in an office building.Figure 4.7 Observed people flow in office building lobbies in Finland (a), S...Figure 4.8 Automatically recorded data by group control system of a multiten...Figure 4.9 Example of transportation devices in a hotel building.Figure 4.10 Traffic‐flow chart of a motel and a hotel (a), and observ...Figure 4.11 Example of elevators of a residential building.Figure 4.12 Two‐way traffic flow for Strakosch apartment building (a).Figure 4.13 An example of transportation device arrangement in a medical bui...Figure 4.14 Hospital traffic by Strakosch (1983) (a), observed two‐wa...Figure 4.15 Examples of transportation devices in commercial and public buil...Figure 4.16 Example of modelled distribution of numbers of escalators servin...Figure 4.17 Probabilities of passenger arrivals in escalators in a shopping ...Figure 4.18 Lobby traffic‐flow chart in a department store (a), and d...Figure 4.19 Duration of the visits and number of visitors during the weekday...Figure 4.20 Popular times in Empire State Building on Fridays.Figure 4.21 Example of elevator arrangement in a cruise ship.Figure 4.22 Traffic profiles of guest traffic in a cruiser during boarding i...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Passenger service quality parameters for elevators.Figure 5.2 People flow per floor from an office building in Finland.Figure 5.3 Landing (hall) call time distribution before and after modernizat...Figure 5.4 Passenger waiting time (a), and journey time (b) distribution wi...Figure 5.5 Monthly service times of passenger elevators with destination con...Figure 5.6 Monthly service times of quest elevators with conventional contro...Figure 5.7 Number of starts of passenger elevators with destination control ...Figure 5.8 Number of starts of quest elevators with conventional control in ...Figure 5.9 Number of elevator starts during a day in an office building in E...Figure 5.10 Number of elevator round trips per day.

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Timeline of group control system development.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Push‐button hall call station (a), and a car call panel (b).Figure 7.2 Push‐button control system.Figure 7.3 Down collective control system.Figure 7.4 Functional principle of an interconnected full collective control...Figure 7.5 Landing call station (a), and lantern (b).

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Collective control signalization.Figure 8.2 A quadruplex elevator group with even elevator distribution (a), ...Figure 8.3 Simulated trajectories of three elevatorsFigure 8.4 A lobby indicator showing the served floors by an elevator.Figure 8.5 Interconnected queue selective control system (IQS).

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Alternative elevator routes to serve hall calls 1–4 with elevator...Figure 9.2 Conventional full collective control system architecture (Source:Figure 9.3 Ring control system architecture where one group control is activ...Figure 9.4 Destination control architecture where the terminal requests for ...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Iterative search for global optimum on a landscape of a search s...Figure 10.2 Group control with AI Figure 10.3 A group control system with fuzzy rules and multi‐objective opti...Figure 10.4 Forecasting with exponential smoothing method with α = 0.5....Figure 10.5 A typical membership function.Figure 10.6 Fuzzy logic dispatching systemFigure 10.7 Alteration of chromosomes and genes according to the genetic alg...Figure 10.8 Principle of GA chromosomes in call allocation Figure 10.9 Artificial neuron model.Figure 10.10 A feed‐forward multilayer perceptron with one hidden layer in A...Figure 10.11 Artificial neuron model for RRTFigure 10.12 Call allocation with NN Figure 10.13 People behaviour at a main lobby with conventional control.Figure 10.14 Automated guided vehicle communication with an elevator group...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Miconic 10 implementationFigure 11.2 Signalization of traditional destination control (a), destinatio...Figure 11.3 Hybrid DCS signalization.Figure 11.4 Call allocation with GA in hybrid destination control system.Figure 11.5 Harmonized DCS signalization at elevator lobbies.Figure 11.6 People behaviour at a main lobby with DCS control system.

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Functional principle of a paternoster.Figure 12.2 Odyssey system with horizontal cab transportation with APMs (a),...Figure 12.3 A double‐deck elevator (a), and DD service in up‐peak (b).Figure 12.4 Double‐deck hall call allocation with GA.Figure 12.5 Double‐deck destination call allocation with GA.Figure 12.6 Destination indicator at the entrance floor (a), hall station at...Figure 12.7 A TWIN lift system Figure 12.8 TWIN arrangement with two‐car shafts, and a single elevator shaf...Figure 12.9 MULTI exchangerFigure 12.10 Example of MULTI system (a) and building arrangement with tradi...Figure 12.11 A conveyor moving from the bottom to top of a buildingFigure 12.12 A sketch of a waiting area (a) and three cabins in one shaft (b...Figure 12.13 MCE system with two shafts and six cars

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Application of access control system.Figure 13.2 An external access control system connected to destination contr...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Typical elevator bank arrangements (a–g) from four to eight elev...Figure 14.2 DCS elevator group arrangements with low and high rise in the sa...Figure 14.3 Elevator dimensions.Figure 14.4 Machine room less elevator shaft (a) and a shaft with machine ro...Figure 14.5 Lobby layouts of comparable single‐car and double‐deck elevator ...Figure 14.6 Double‐deck lobby arrangement.

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Escalator arrangements: scissors (a), criss‐cross (b) and parall...Figure 15.2 Unrestricted area of an escalator (EN 115‐1 2008).Figure 15.3 Poles in front the escalator entrance.Figure 15.4 Escalator vertical dimensions (EN 115‐1 2008).Figure 15.5 Horizontal moving walkways.Figure 15.6 Dimensions of staircases.Figure 15.7 Swing door (a), sliding door (b) and revolving door (c).

16 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Cycle time of an elevator trip. Figure 17.2 Elevator motor speed reference curves for cases A, B, C and D.Figure 17.3 Elevator round trip in up‐peak.Figure 17.4 Probability transition matrix for elevator jumps between floors ...Figure 17.5 Zoning alternatives from the left are to minimize variance of RT...Figure 17.6 A building with a main entrance and three basements below the gr...Figure 17.7 Up‐peak handling capacity for different car passenger capacities...

17 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Erlang service time probability distribution with a mean of one ...Figure 18.2 Passenger queue length, q_w, as a function of utilization factor,...Figure 18.3 Simulated and calculated average passenger transit times in up‐p...Figure 18.4 Passenger service times in up‐peak calculated from for the round...Figure 18.5 Waiting passenger queue length, q_w, for several number of destin...

18 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Level of Service.Figure 19.2 Mixture of male and female body ellipses inside a carFigure 19.3 Theoretical passenger density on escalator steps.Figure 19.4 Relation of people flow and people density in walkways.Figure 19.5 Relationship of people flow and density in walkways and stairs....Figure 19.6 Walking speed components on stairs.

19 Chapter 21Figure Figure 21.1 Block diagram of Monte Carlo simulation of round trip tim...Figure 21.2 Passenger traffic with an elevator groupFigure 21.3 Screenshot of traffic view from commercial elevator traffic sim...Figure 21.4 Traffic view of KONE building traffic simulatorFigure 21.5 People flow simulator architectureFigure 21.6 Possible visitor routes from outside through the reception to th...Figure 21.7 KONE PFS simulator visualization of lobby traffic

20 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Waiting time distributions as a function of number of samples...Figure 22.2 Stepwise and ramp simulation profiles.Figure 22.3 Series of ISO 8100‐32 pure up‐peak (a) and mixed up‐peak (b) off...Figure 22.4 Series of ISO 8100‐32 multitenant office (a) and single‐tenant o...Figure 22.5 Series of ISO 8100‐32 hotel traffic template (a), and CIBSE hote...Figure 22.6 Series of ISO 8100‐32 residential traffic template (a), and CIBS...

21 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Simulated round trip times and individual realizations from simu...

22 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Up‐peak service with a group of six cars using conventional cont...Figure 24.2 Up‐peak boosting with a group of six double‐deck elevators using...Figure 24.3 Average waiting times for zoned elevator groups with rated passe...Figure 24.4 Car load factor (a) and elevator starts per round trip (b) with ...Figure 24.5 Elevator cycle time (a), and round trip time (b) with increasing...Figure 24.6 Passenger average waiting times (a) and average times to destina...Figure 24.7 Passenger average waiting times (a) and average times to destina...Figure 24.8 Simulated and theoretical passenger waiting times with conventio...Figure 24.9 Car load factor (a), and elevator starts per round trip (b) with...Figure 24.10 Elevator cycle time (a), and round trip time (b) with increasin...Figure 24.11 Passenger average waiting times (a) and average times to destin...Figure 24.12 Car load factor (a), and elevator starts per round trip (b) wit...Figure 24.13 Elevator cycle time (a), and round trip time (b) with increasin...Figure 24.14 Passenger average waiting times (a) and average times to destin...Figure 24.15 Car load factor (a), and elevator starts per round trip (b) wit...Figure 24.16 Elevator cycle time (a), and round trip time (b) with increasin...Figure 24.17 Passenger average waiting times (a) and average times to destin...Figure 24.18 Example of up‐peak average waiting times (a), and times to dest...Figure 24.19 Average passenger waiting time (a), and time to destination (b)...Figure 24.20 Average passenger transit time (a), and elevator round trip tim...Figure 24.21 Theoretical and simulated waiting time distribution at demand o...

23 Chapter 26Figure Figure 26.1 Flow chart of design process© The International Assoc...

24 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Simulated average waiting times (a) and car load factor (b) in u...Figure 27.2 Simulated average waiting times for up‐peak (a) and lunchtime (b...Figure 27.3 Simulated AWT (a), and ATTD (b) with CIBSE traffic patterns for ...Figure 27.4 Simulated AWT (a), and ATTD (b) with CIBSE traffic patterns for ...

25 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Transit station platform arrangements.Figure 29.2 Escalator direction according to the people flow.

26 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Elevator group arrangements of a super tall building with zoning...Figure 30.2 Simulated average waiting times (a), and times to destination (b...Figure 30.3 Simulated average waiting times (a) and times to destination (b)...Figure 30.4 Simulated average waiting times (a) and times to destination (b)...Figure 30.5 Simulated average waiting times (a) and times to destination (b)...Figure 30.6 Elevator lobby layouts with arrangements of seven zones. (a) Ele...Figure 30.7 Simulated average waiting times (a) and times to destination (b)...Figure 30.8 Simulated average waiting times (a) and times to destination (b)...Figure 30.9 Elevator lobby layouts with three (six totally) local SCE groups...Figure 30.10 Elevator lobby layouts of sky lobby arrangement with three (six...

27 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Evacuation scenario of an supertall building simulated by KONE B...Figure 31.2 Evacuation time phases during an emergency situation.Figure 31.3 Egress times with two staircases for increasing floor population...Figure 31.4 Building filling and evacuation times for elevators with differe...Figure 31.5 Building evacuation modes: total (a), staged (b), fractional (c)...Figure 31.6 A security officer redefines the staged evacuation plan from the...Figure 31.7 Enhanced elevator (CTBUH taskforce 2004).Figure 31.8 An example of a protected lobby (CTBUH taskforce 2004).Figure 31.9 Jeddah Tower (a) and its elevator design (b) (Fortune 2015).Figure 31.10 Shanghai Tower (a) and its rescue floors (b) (CTBUH 2020d). Bay...Figure 31.11 Makkah Royal Clock Tower.Figure 31.12 One World Trade Center, SOM, in New York (Bukowski 2010).Matt H...