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A state of an item, where the item is not able to perform as required.

Many faults are caused by a preceding failure, but there is also another important category of faults – systematic faults. A systematic fault is caused by a human error or a misjudgment made in an earlier stage of the item's life cycle, such as specification, design, manufacture, installation, or maintenance. A systematic fault remains in – or is related to – an item until the fault is detected as part of an inspection or test, or when the systematic fault generates an item failure. Systematic faults are important causes of safety system failures and include faults, such as, software bugs, calibration errors of detectors, erroneously installed detectors, too low capacity of fire‐fighting systems, and so forth.